Aleijadinho was a prolific and influential Brazilian sculptor and architect whose Rococo statuary and religious articles complement the dramatic sobriety of his churches. Aleijadinho, the son of the Portuguese architect Manoel Francisco Lisboa and an African woman, was born with a degenerative

Latin American architecture: Ouro Prêto: Brazilian Baroque architecture in the 18th century: …Ouro Prêto (1730s), attributed to António Francisco Lisboa (brother of Manoel Francisco Lisboa, the father of Aleijadinho), was opened with a Baroque spectacle, the Triumph of the Eucharist, in the European manner. The exterior of the church is rectilinear, while the interior is polygonal—a faceted oval that is the precursor…

University of Lisbon, coeducational state institution of higher learning at Lisbon. The modern university, restored in 1911, traces its history, together with that of the University of Coimbra, to the medieval University of Lisbon founded in 1288. King Dinis of Portugal endowed a studium generale,

Lisbon, city, port, capital of Portugal, and the centre of the Lisbon metropolitan area. Located in western Portugal on the estuary of the Tagus (Tejo) River, it is the westernmost capital city in continental Europe and serves as the country’s chief port, largest city, and commercial, political,

Lisbon: The Portuguese conquest: …and, according to legend, the Lisbon Cathedral (Sé Patriarcal) was converted from a mosque (with subsequent restorations in the styles of many periods after fires and earthquakes). There is no evidence, however, of a building on the site of the cathedral before the time of Afonso I.

Lisbon earthquake of 1755, series of earthquakes that occurred on the morning of Nov. 1, 1755, causing serious damage to the port city of Lisbon, Port., and killing an estimated 60,000 people in Lisbon alone. Violent shaking demolished large public buildings and about 12,000 dwellings. Because

Strategic Arms Reduction Talks: START I: In May 1992 the Lisbon Protocol was signed, which allowed for all four to become parties to START I and for Ukraine, Belarus, and Kazakhstan either to destroy their strategic nuclear warheads or to turn them over to Russia. This made possible ratification by the new Russian Duma, although…

Nathan Lane: Early career: role in Terrence McNally’s The Lisbon Traviata (1989) attracted critical praise, as did his performances in McNally’s Lips Together, Teeth Apart (1991) and the film Frankie and Johnny (1991). In 1992 he reprised his role in Guys and Dolls, this time on Broadway. The following year Lane’s stage performance…

Lisbon Treaty, international agreement that amended the Maastricht Treaty, Treaties of Rome, and other documents to simplify and streamline the institutions that govern the European Union (EU). Proposed in 2007, the Lisbon Treaty was ratified by most member states in 2008, but a referendum in

The capture of the city of Lisbon from the Almoravid Muslims in October 1147 after a months-long siege was a by-product of the Second Crusade to the Holy Land and the only major Christian victory of that campaign. It proved to be a pivotal turning point in the history of Portugal as it mutated from

Ceuta: …assigned to Spain in the Treaty of Lisbon (1688). At the outbreak of the Spanish Civil War (1936), Gen. Francisco Franco dispatched an expedition to Spain from Ceuta. In 1995 the Spanish government approved statutes of autonomy for Ceuta, replacing the city council with an assembly similar to those of…

University of Lisbon, coeducational state institution of higher learning at Lisbon. The modern university, restored in 1911, traces its history, together with that of the University of Coimbra, to the medieval University of Lisbon founded in 1288. King Dinis of Portugal endowed a studium generale,

Lisburn, town, Lisburn and Castlereagh City district, eastern Northern Ireland. The town, on the River Lagan 8 miles (13 km) southwest of Belfast, was a small village known as Lisnagarvey before the English, Scots, and Welsh settled the site in the 1620s as part of the Plantation of Ulster scheme.

Lisburn, former district (1973–2015), now in Lisburn and Castlereagh City district, eastern Northern Ireland. The former district of Lisburn was bordered by the Belfast City district and the former district of Antrim to the north and by the former districts of Craigavon to the west, Banbridge to

Lisburn and Castlereagh City, district, eastern Northern Ireland. It is bounded to the north by the districts of Antrim and Newtownabbey and Belfast City, to the northeast and east by the Ards and North Down district, to the southeast by the Newry, Mourne and Down district, to the southwest by the

Chad: Independence of Chad: …territorial government was formed by Gabriel Lisette, a West Indian who had become the leader of the Chad Progressive Party (PPT). An autonomous republic within the French Community was proclaimed in November 1958, and complete independence in the restructured community was attained on Aug. 11, 1960. The country’s stability was…

Stephen King: Other novels: …2003); Cell (2006; film 2016); Lisey’s Story (2006; TV miniseries 2021); Duma Key (2008); Under the Dome (2009; TV series 2013–15); 11/22/63 (2011; TV miniseries 2016); Joyland (2013); Doctor Sleep (2013; film 2019), a sequel to The Shining; Revival (2014);

Raymond Carver: …revealed that his long-time editor, Gordon Lish, had drastically changed many of Carver’s early stories. While Lish’s significant involvement in Carver’s writing had long been suspected, the extent of his editing became public knowledge when, in 2007, Carver’s widow, the poet Tess Gallagher, announced that she was seeking to publish…

superfluous man, a character type whose frequent recurrence in 19th-century Russian literature is sufficiently striking to make him a national archetype. He is usually an aristocrat, intelligent, well-educated, and informed by idealism and goodwill but incapable, for reasons as complex as Hamlet’s,

lishu, in Chinese calligraphy, a style that may have originated in the brush writing of the later Zhou and Qin dynasties (c. 300–200 bc); it represents a more informal tradition than the zhuanshu (“seal script”), which was more suitable for inscriptions cast in the ritual bronzes. While examples of

Italian literature: Other writings: …siccità [1941; “The Drought”]) and Nicola Lisi (Diario di un parroco di campagna [1942; “Diary of a Country Priest”]) or in some respects back to Federigo Tozzi. Especially typical of Cassola’s works are Il taglio del bosco (1953; The Felling of the Forest), Un cuore arido (1961; An Arid Heart),…

Gentianales: Gentianaceae: …under the name “lisianthus” (true Lisianthius is actually a shrubby, uncultivated genus of tropical gentians native to the New World). Three distinct groups of tropical gentians (Voyria, Voyriella, and Cotylanthera) have lost their leaves and lack chlorophyll entirely. They rely instead on fungal associations (mycorrhizae) or decaying plant material to…

Gentianales: Gentianaceae: Eustoma is a Central and South American genus of several herbaceous species that are now widely cultivated as cut flowers sold under the name “lisianthus” (true Lisianthius is actually a shrubby, uncultivated genus of tropical gentians native to the New World). Three distinct groups of…

Lysychansk, city, eastern Ukraine, on the Donets River. In 1721 the first discovery of coal in the Donets Basin was made there at the Cossack village of Lisya Balka, which dated from 1710. It was not until 1795, however, that Lysychansk was established as the first coal-mining settlement of the

Lisieux, town, formerly capital of the district known as the Pays d’Auge, Calvados département, Normandy région, northwestern France. Lisieux has become a world centre of pilgrimage to the shrine of St. Thérèse, a Carmelite nun who died there in 1897 and was canonized in 1925. Lisieux was also

El Lissitzky was a Russian painter, typographer, and designer, a pioneer of nonrepresentational art in the early 20th century. His innovations in typography, advertising, and exhibition design were particularly influential. Lissitzky received his initial art training in Vitebsk (now Vitsyebsk,

Liski, city and administrative centre of Liski rayon (sector), Voronezh oblast (region), western Russia, situated on the banks of the Don River. It is a main railway junction, with shops for servicing locomotives; its food industries include meat-packing and flour milling. It became a city in 1937

Barbara Liskov is an American computer scientist who won the 2008 A.M. Turing Award, the highest honour in computer science, for her “pioneering work in the design of computer programming languages.” After she earned a bachelor’s degree in mathematics in 1961 from the University of California,

Liski, city and administrative centre of Liski rayon (sector), Voronezh oblast (region), western Russia, situated on the banks of the Don River. It is a main railway junction, with shops for servicing locomotives; its food industries include meat-packing and flour milling. It became a city in 1937

Lisle, village, DuPage county, northeastern Illinois, U.S. A suburb of Chicago, it is located about 25 miles (40 km) west of downtown. The village was founded in 1832 by James and Luther Hatch, settlers from New Hampshire, and named for a town in New York. In the 1860s Lisle became a station along

John Dudley, duke of Northumberland was an English politician and soldier who was the virtual ruler of England from 1549 to 1553, during the minority of King Edward VI. Almost all historical sources regard him as an unscrupulous schemer whose policies undermined England’s political stability. His

John Dudley, duke of Northumberland was an English politician and soldier who was the virtual ruler of England from 1549 to 1553, during the minority of King Edward VI. Almost all historical sources regard him as an unscrupulous schemer whose policies undermined England’s political stability. His

Lismore, island in the entrance of the sea inlet of Loch Linnhe, Argyll and Bute council area, historic county of Argyllshire, Scotland. It is about 9.5 miles (15 km) long and less than 2 miles (3 km) wide. A Columban (early Celtic Christian) monastery was founded on the island about 592. In the

Lismore, market town, County Waterford, Ireland. It lies in the Blackwater valley, at the southern foot of the Knockmealdown Mountains. A monastery was founded in Lismore by St. Cartagh about 633. In the 9th and 10th centuries it was plundered by the Norsemen. The baronial castle, erected by Prince

Lismore, city, northeastern New South Wales, Australia, on the north arm of the Richmond River. It is situated between rainforest and sea, some 20 miles (32 km) inland from the Pacific Ocean, and has its outport at Ballina. Ward Stephens first settled the site in 1843; it was later occupied by

The Book of the Dean of Lismore, miscellany of Scottish and Irish poetry, the oldest collection of Gaelic poetry extant in Scotland. It was compiled between 1512 and 1526, chiefly by Sir James MacGregor, the dean of Lismore (now in Argyll and Bute council area), and his brother Duncan. The

Lisburn, town, Lisburn and Castlereagh City district, eastern Northern Ireland. The town, on the River Lagan 8 miles (13 km) southwest of Belfast, was a small village known as Lisnagarvey before the English, Scots, and Welsh settled the site in the 1620s as part of the Plantation of Ulster scheme.

Roxelana was a Slavic woman who was forced into concubinage and later became the wife of the Ottoman sultan Süleyman the Magnificent. Through her influence on the sultan and her mastery of palace intrigue, Roxelana wielded considerable power. Roxelana was born about 1505 in the town of Rohatyn, in

LISP, a computer programming language developed about 1960 by John McCarthy at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). LISP was founded on the mathematical theory of recursive functions (in which a function appears in its own definition). A LISP program is a function applied to data,

speech disorder: Lisping: Although lisping belongs among the articulatory disorders and usually has the same causes as articulatory disorders (dyslalia) in general, it differs from other disorders of articulation in several respects. For one, lisping occurs in various varieties: with the tongue tip protruding between the front…

Clarice Lispector was a novelist and short-story writer, one of Brazil’s most important literary figures, who is considered to be among the greatest women writers of the 20th century. Escaping the Jewish pogroms that were part of life in Ukraine and other parts of the Russian Empire in the late

Western painting: Early and High Baroque in Italy: In the hands of Johann Liss (or Jan Lys) the groundwork was laid for the flowering of the Venetian school of the 18th century. Venetian painting was also enriched by the pale colors and flickering brushwork of Francesco Maffei from Vicenza, whereas Bernardo Strozzi in 1630 carried to Venice…

Vis, island of Croatia in the Adriatic Sea. It is the outermost major island of the Dalmatian archipelago. The highest point on Vis is Mount Hum, at 1,926 feet (587 metres). Its climate and vegetation are Mediterranean and subtropical, with palms, Mediterranean pines, citrus, eucalyptus, cacti, and

Leszno, city, Wielkopolskie województwo (province), west-central Poland. It is a rail junction and an agricultural and manufacturing centre. Leszno was founded in the 15th century by the prominent Leszczyński family, whose tombs are in the parish church. In the 16th century a band of Protestant

warship: Toward the battleship: When the Austrians won the Battle of Lissa from the Italians in 1866 by ramming, its value for the future seemed confirmed. Hence for years most large ships carried rams, which proved to be more dangerous to friend than foe when ships were sunk in peacetime collisions.

Lissajous figure, also called Bowditch Curve, pattern produced by the intersection of two sinusoidal curves the axes of which are at right angles to each other. First studied by the American mathematician Nathaniel Bowditch in 1815, the curves were investigated independently by the French

amphibian: …three orders make up subclass Lissamphibia. Neither the lissamphibians nor any of the extinct groups of amphibians were the ancestors of the group of tetrapods that gave rise to reptiles. Though some aspects of the biology and anatomy of the various amphibian groups might demonstrate features possessed by reptilian ancestors,…

amphibian: …three orders make up subclass Lissamphibia. Neither the lissamphibians nor any of the extinct groups of amphibians were the ancestors of the group of tetrapods that gave rise to reptiles. Though some aspects of the biology and anatomy of the various amphibian groups might demonstrate features possessed by reptilian ancestors,…

Alessandro Magnasco was an Italian painter of the late Baroque period distinguished for his landscapes and genre paintings. Magnasco worked in Milan but is thought to have been influenced by the Bolognese painter Giuseppe Maria Crespi. Although Magnasco began as a portrait painter, only a

Alessandro Magnasco was an Italian painter of the late Baroque period distinguished for his landscapes and genre paintings. Magnasco worked in Milan but is thought to have been influenced by the Bolognese painter Giuseppe Maria Crespi. Although Magnasco began as a portrait painter, only a

George Macartney, Earl Macartney, Viscount Macartney of Dervock, baron of Lissanoure, Baron Macartney of Parkhurst and of Auchinleck, Lord Macartney was the first British emissary to Beijing. A member of an old Scots-Irish family, Macartney studied at Trinity College (M.A., 1759) in Dublin. He was

Lisse, gemeente (municipality), western Netherlands. It lies in the centre of the flower fields between Haarlem and Leiden. With Hillegom, it is one of the two great commercial centres of the Netherlands’ bulb-growing district. It is also the site of the State Bulb School and Laboratory. The annual

cephalic disorder: Lissencephaly: Lissencephaly means “smooth brain.” The normal brain surface has many folds and grooves (gyri and sulci), but a brain affected by lissencephaly does not; the folds may be incomplete or entirely absent. Lissencephaly is further characterized by microcephaly (reduced head size) and by symptoms…

El Lissitzky was a Russian painter, typographer, and designer, a pioneer of nonrepresentational art in the early 20th century. His innovations in typography, advertising, and exhibition design were particularly influential. Lissitzky received his initial art training in Vitebsk (now Vitsyebsk,

El Lissitzky was a Russian painter, typographer, and designer, a pioneer of nonrepresentational art in the early 20th century. His innovations in typography, advertising, and exhibition design were particularly influential. Lissitzky received his initial art training in Vitebsk (now Vitsyebsk,

El Lissitzky was a Russian painter, typographer, and designer, a pioneer of nonrepresentational art in the early 20th century. His innovations in typography, advertising, and exhibition design were particularly influential. Lissitzky received his initial art training in Vitebsk (now Vitsyebsk,

El Lissitzky was a Russian painter, typographer, and designer, a pioneer of nonrepresentational art in the early 20th century. His innovations in typography, advertising, and exhibition design were particularly influential. Lissitzky received his initial art training in Vitebsk (now Vitsyebsk,

orchid: Sexual deception: …ichneumon wasps of the genus Lissopimpla. The wasp, after backing into the stigma, attempts to copulate with the flower by bending its body into an arch, with the base of the lip of the flower held by the claspers of the wasp. The upper side of the apex of the…

Denis Sassou-Nguesso: First presidency (1979–92): …first round of voting, and Pascal Lissouba of the Pan-African Union for Social Development (Union Panafricaine pour la Démocratie Sociale; UPADS) was elected president.

Tanzania: 2025 elections and unrest: …attempted to observe Chadema leader Tundu Lissu’s court appearance in May 2025 were prevented from doing so. Some were detained upon arriving at the international airport at Dar es Salaam and were sent back home. Others who had been able to enter the country were later arrested and deported. Two…

Elfriede Lohse-Wächtler: …she painted her best-known work, Lissy, a three-quarter-length portrait of a blond prostitute gazing confrontationally at the viewer. Some art historians interpret that work as a self-portrait revealing the artist’s identification with the marginalized figures of Hamburg’s underworld.

artificial intelligence programming language: …structure that they called a list. A list is simply an ordered sequence of items of data. Some or all of the items in a list may themselves be lists. This scheme leads to richly branching structures.

Adam Zagajewski: …the 1980s, and his volume List: oda do wielości (1982; “Letter: An Ode to Multiplicity”) contained poems reacting to the imposition of martial law in Poland.

Old wives’ tales are traditional beliefs that are not based on fact. They are a form of superstition or cultural folklore, often incorporating handed-down beliefs about health and medicine. Such stories and pieces of advice were likely exchanged in all periods of human history. The phrase old

This is a list of actors, ordered alphabetically by country of origin or residence. (See also

This is a list of actresses, ordered alphabetically by country of origin or residence. (See also

This is a chronologically ordered list of legislative acts and laws organized by country or historical empire or

This is a list of notable African American writers ordered alphabetically by surname. The term writers is here broadly defined to include philosophers, critics, journalists, sociologists, and historians as well as poets and novelists. (See also African American

list of African countries by area, Africa is the second largest continent (after Asia), covering about one-fifth of the total land surface of Earth. Across the continent and its islands, the areas of Africa’s countries vary significantly. Algeria sits at the top of the list with an area of 919,595

Africa is the second most populous continent in the world—surpassed only by Asia—though the populations of the countries found there can vary greatly. It is home to Nigeria, which has more than 239 million people and routinely ranks among the top 10 most populous countries in the world, but it also

The people and cultures of the 54 African countries that exist today have rich histories. Part of their history has been impacted by colonialism: as European powers became aware of the continent and began exploring in the 15th century, and especially after the Scramble for Africa of the late 19th

English author Agatha Christie is widely regarded as the queen of mysteries. She wrote about 70 detective novels and many short story collections and introduced two of the most famous crime-solvers in literature: Hercule Poirot and Miss Marple. The following is a list of Christie’s mystery books in

The year 1975 delivered a wave of groundbreaking music—a sonic explosion that rewrote the rules of rock, pop, and everything in between. From electrifying guitar solos to soulful anthems and genre-bending experiments, artists were pushing boundaries and setting new standards. It was a year when

Algae are predominantly aquatic, photosynthetic organisms. The group is extremely diverse, ranging from giant kelps to microscopic diatoms, and their taxonomy is contentious. The following is a list of algae, arranged alphabetically by taxonomic division (the taxonomic rank below kingdom). The

This list of American writers is alphabetically ordered by period. The term writers is broadly defined to include philosophers, scientists, cookbook writers, critics, journalists, sociologists, historians, and even explorers, as well as poets and novelists. This list is limited, however, to those

This is an alphabetically ordered list of ancient civilizations. It includes types of cultures, traditions, and industries as well as more traditionally defined

Anthropology is “the science of humanity,” which studies human beings in aspects ranging from the biology and evolutionary history of Homo sapiens to the features of society and culture that decisively distinguish humans from other animal species. This is a list of anthropologists organized

The order Hymenoptera is the third largest of all insect orders. More than 115,000 species have been described, including ants, bees, ichneumons, chalcids, sawflies, wasps, and lesser-known types. Except for the polar regions, they are abundant in most habitats, particularly in tropical and

The arachnids (class Arachnida) are an arthropod group that includes spiders, daddy longlegs, scorpions, mites, and ticks as well as lesser-known subgroups. This is a list of notable arachnids grouped by order (or superorder) and arranged

This is a list of archaeologists organized alphabetically by country of origin or residence. See also archaeology and

This is a list of significant architects ordered alphabetically by country of origin or residence. (See also

The following is an alphabetically ordered list of major art and design movements that took place during the 20th century. A “movement” is a style or prevailing inclination in art or design that upholds a specific philosophy or ideal and is followed and promoted by a group of artists for a defined

This is an alphabetically ordered list of art historians and art critics. (See also art criticism and art

The following list of artists and architects who flourished in the 17th century is organized alphabetically by country of origin or residence. With a few exceptions, the work of these artists falls into either the Baroque or the Classical style, though sometimes both. Baroque art is generally

An asteroid, also called a minor planet or planetoid, is any of a host of small bodies, about 1,000 km (600 miles) or less in diameter, that orbit the Sun primarily between the orbits of Mars and Jupiter in a nearly flat ring called the asteroid belt. It is because of their small size and large

This is a list of astronauts ordered alphabetically by country of origin or residence. The list also includes private citizens who have been to space. (See also space

This is a list of astronomers, ordered alphabetically by nationality. It includes scientists who received degrees in astronomy, who made significant contributions to the study of astronomy, or who built astronomical instruments, as well as those whose work in other areas of science employed

Astronomical observatories are structures containing telescopes and auxiliary instruments with which to observe celestial objects. Telescopes provide a means of collecting and analyzing radiation from celestial objects, even those in the far reaches of the universe. This is a list of astronomical

When it comes to the Olympics, one athlete has made the biggest splash. American swimmer Michael Phelps is the most-decorated Olympian of all time, with 28 medals, 23 of which are gold. He also was the first athlete to win 8 gold medals at a single Olympics. In second place for career medals is

This is an alphabetically ordered list of Australian politicians. (See also

This is an alphabetically ordered list of notable Australian writers. (See also Australian

This is an alphabetically ordered list of awards organized by country from which the award is presented and by field: art; architecture; civilian; film; literature; mathematics; media; military; music; religion; science; sports; television; and

The Ballon d’Or is an annual award for football (soccer) players presented by the French magazine France Football, a monthly publication covering football news. First awarded in 1956, it quickly became one of the sport’s most prestigious individual honors. The Ballon d’Or is awarded to football

This is an alphabetically ordered list of bands. See also band, rock, alternative rock, popular music, heavy metal, grunge, psychedelic rock, punk, and country

This is a list of banks ordered alphabetically by continent or region and country. (See also accounting; finance;

This is an alphabetically ordered list of baseball players. (See also American League; Central League; Cuban League; Japanese baseball leagues; Major League Baseball; National League; Negro league; Pacific

This is an alphabetically ordered list of basketball players. (See also National Basketball Association; Women’s National Basketball Association.) (Read James Naismith’s 1929 Britannica essay on his invention of

Bats (order Chiroptera) are the only mammals capable of flight. This capability, coupled with the ability to navigate at night by using a system of acoustic orientation (echolocation), has made the bats a highly diverse and populous order. More than 1,200 species are currently recognized, and many

This is an alphabetically ordered list of land-fought battles. With the exception of ancient battles, the list is organized by continent and then by country or region in which it took place (determined by the boundaries of the modern-day country or region). See also

Bays and gulfs are concavities formed by tidal erosion in the coastline of an ocean, lake, or sea. The difference between a bay and a gulf is not clearly defined, but the term bay usually refers to a body of water somewhat smaller than a gulf. Numerous exceptions, however, are found throughout the