Lohengrin: …an anonymous 15th-century epic called Lorengel. The latter was the chief source used by the 19th-century composer and librettist Richard Wagner for his opera Lohengrin (first performed on Aug. 28, 1850, at Weimar, Ger.).

Lorentz force, the force exerted on a charged particle q moving with velocity v through an electric field E and magnetic field B. The entire electromagnetic force F on the charged particle is called the Lorentz force (after the Dutch physicist Hendrik A. Lorentz) and is given by F = qE + qv × B.

Lorentz transformations, set of equations in relativity physics that relate the space and time coordinates of two systems moving at a constant velocity relative to each other. Required to describe high-speed phenomena approaching the speed of light, Lorentz transformations formally express the

Hendrik Antoon Lorentz was a Dutch physicist and joint winner (with Pieter Zeeman) of the Nobel Prize for Physics in 1902 for his theory of electromagnetic radiation, which, confirmed by findings of Zeeman, gave rise to Albert Einstein’s special theory of relativity. In his doctoral thesis at the

Pare Lorentz was an American filmmaker whose government-sponsored documentaries focused attention on the waste of human and natural resources in the United States in the 1930s. Lorentz was a well-known movie critic in New York City when, in 1935, he was requested to set up a federal government film

Lorentz-FitzGerald contraction, in relativity physics, the shortening of an object along the direction of its motion relative to an observer. Dimensions in other directions are not contracted. The concept of the contraction was proposed by the Irish physicist George FitzGerald in 1889, and it was

Edward Lorenz was an American meteorologist and discoverer of the underlying mechanism of deterministic chaos, one of the principles of complexity. After receiving degrees from Dartmouth College and Harvard University in mathematics, Lorenz turned to weather forecasting in 1942 with the U.S. Army

Edward Lorenz was an American meteorologist and discoverer of the underlying mechanism of deterministic chaos, one of the principles of complexity. After receiving degrees from Dartmouth College and Harvard University in mathematics, Lorenz turned to weather forecasting in 1942 with the U.S. Army

George (“Hound Dog”) Lorenz: Music lovers in more than a dozen states along the Eastern Seaboard in the 1950s tuned in to “the Sound of the Hound,” George (“Hound Dog”) Lorenz, who broadcast on 50,000-watt WKBW in Buffalo, New York. Lorenz began in Buffalo radio in the late 1940s;…

Konrad Lorenz was an Austrian zoologist and the founder of modern ethology, the study of animal behaviour by means of comparative zoological methods. His ideas contributed to an understanding of how behavioral patterns may be traced to an evolutionary past, and he was also known for his work on the

Lorenzino de’ Medici was the assassin of Alessandro, duke of Florence. Lorenzino was one of the more-noted writers of the Medici family; he was the son of one Pierfrancesco of a younger, cadet branch of the Medici. Lorenzino was a writer of considerable elegance, the author of several plays, one of

French literature: Musset: Lorenzaccio) is the one indisputable masterpiece of Romantic theater. A drama set in Renaissance Florence but with clear links to the disillusionment of post-1830 France is combined with a brilliant psychological study of a once pure but now debauched hero almost paralyzed by doubt. The…

Ambrogio Lorenzetti was an Italian artist who ranks in importance with the greatest of the Italian Sienese painters, Duccio and Simone Martini. He is also the younger brother of painter Pietro Lorenzetti. Only six documented works of Ambrogio, apparently covering a period of merely 13 years, have

Pietro Lorenzetti was an Italian Gothic painter of the Sienese school who, with his brother Ambrogio, was the principal exponent of Sienese secular art in the years before the Black Death. Little is known of Lorenzetti’s life, and the attribution and dating of many of the works associated with him

ampulla of Lorenzini, any of the specialized sensory organs found in certain types of fishes that enable them to detect weak electric fields in their environment. The ampullae occur specifically in cartilaginous fishes, such as sharks, rays, and skates, as well as in some bony fishes, such as

C. Collodi was an Italian author and journalist, best known as the creator of Pinocchio, the childlike puppet whose adventures delight children around the world. As a young man Collodi joined the seminary. The cause of Italian national unification usurped his calling, however, as he took to

Clement XIV was the pope from 1769 to 1774. Educated by the Jesuits at Rimini, he joined the Conventual Franciscans at Mondaino, taking the religious name of Lorenzo. After holding various academic offices, he was made cardinal in 1759 by Pope Clement XIII because he was supposed to be friendly

St. Lawrence of Brindisi ; canonized 1881; feast day July 21) was a doctor of the church and one of the leading polemicists of the Counter-Reformation in Germany. He joined the Capuchin Friars Minor, a strict offshoot of the Franciscans, at Verona, Italy, in 1575, taking the name Lorenzo

Andrea del Verrocchio: Medici patronage: …directed by his favourite student, Lorenzo di Credi. Di Credi was also the administrator and principal heir of Verrocchio’s estate.

Lorenzo de’ Medici was a Florentine statesman, ruler, and patron of arts and letters, the most brilliant of the Medici. He ruled Florence with his younger brother, Giuliano (1453–78), from 1469 to 1478 and, after the latter’s assassination, was the sole ruler from 1478 to 1492. Upon the death of

Lorenzo Monaco was an artist who was the last great exponent of late Gothic painting in what is now Italy. Lorenzo Monaco’s output and stylistic interests (incorporating the gold-leaf background typical of Byzantine art) represent the final gasp of gold-ground brilliance in Florentine art. Lorenzo

Edgar Degas: Early life and education: …in Degas’s painting of 1871–72, Lorenzo Pagans and Auguste De Gas. The artist’s mother died when he was 13 years old, leaving three sons and two daughters to be brought up by his father, a banker by profession. Knowledgeable about art but conservative in his preferences, Degas’s father helped to…

Lorenzo de’ Medici was a Florentine statesman, ruler, and patron of arts and letters, the most brilliant of the Medici. He ruled Florence with his younger brother, Giuliano (1453–78), from 1469 to 1478 and, after the latter’s assassination, was the sole ruler from 1478 to 1492. Upon the death of

Lorenzo Monaco was an artist who was the last great exponent of late Gothic painting in what is now Italy. Lorenzo Monaco’s output and stylistic interests (incorporating the gold-leaf background typical of Byzantine art) represent the final gasp of gold-ground brilliance in Florentine art. Lorenzo

metabolic disease: Peroxisomal disorders: Lorenzo’s oil (named after the patient who inspired its development), a mixture of trioleate and trierucate oils, improves or completely corrects the elevation of very-long-chain fatty acids in blood, but it does not have an effect on the neurological progression of the disease because it…

George Miller: Shifting gears again, Miller made Lorenzo’s Oil (1992), a fact-based drama that starred Nick Nolte and Sarandon as parents of a child with a rare disease. Miller subsequently earned his first Academy Award nomination, for cowriting the script. Continuing to explore different genres, Miller then worked on a series of…

Continental Airlines, Inc.: …corporate management (headed by chairman Frank Lorenzo until August 1990) tended to aggravate operations. Continental filed for bankruptcy in December 1990. The airline emerged from bankruptcy in 1993 after being acquired by Air Canada and a group of private investors.

repeating rifle: …repeater has been attributed to Michele Lorenzoni, a Florentine gunmaker. In the same period, the faster and safer Kalthoff system—designed by a family of German gunmakers—introduced a ball magazine located under the barrel and a powder magazine in the butt. By the 18th century the Cookson repeating rifle was in…

Lorestān, geographic and historic region, western Iran. Its name means Land of the Lurs and it extends from the Iraqi frontier and Kermānshāh and separates the Khūzestān lowland from interior uplands. Extensive mountains stretch northwest–southeast; between the higher ranges are well-watered

Luristan Bronze, any of the horse trappings, utensils, weapons, jewelry, belt buckles, and ritual and votive objects of bronze probably dating from roughly 1500–500 bce that have been excavated since the late 1920s in the Harsin, Khorramābād, and Alishtar valleys of the Zagros Mountains in the

Lorestān: …southern part of Lorestān, or Great Lorestān, was independent under the Faḍlawayh (Fazlaveye) atabegs from 1160 until 1424; its capital was Idaj, now only mounds and ruins at Malamir (modern Izeh).

Lorestān: Little Lorestān, the northern part, was governed by independent princes of the Khorshīdī dynasty, called atabegs, from 1155 to the beginning of the 17th century, when the last atabeg, Shāh Vardī Khān, was removed by the Ṣafavid ʿAbbās I the Great and government of the…

Mount Everest: Further exploration from Tibet: …Swiss climbers Jean Troillet and Erhard Loretan. Like Messner, they snatched a clear-weather window toward the end of the monsoon for a lightning dash up and down the mountain. Unlike Messner, they did not even carry a tent and sleeping bags. Climbing by night, resting during the comparative warmth of…

Loreto, town and episcopal see, Marche region, central Italy, on the Musone River just south of Ancona and near the Adriatic coast. It is a noted pilgrimage resort famous for the Santa Casa, or Holy House of the Virgin. According to tradition, the Santa Casa, threatened with destruction by the

Norman Foster: …such popular series as Zorro, The Loretta Young Show, and Batman. Although he made a handful of pictures in the 1960s and ’70s, such as the coming-of-age saga Indian Paint (1965), few received national theatrical release. He received posthumous acclaim for his return to acting as Billy Boyle, the beleaguered…

Donald Grant Mitchell: …pseudonym Ik Marvel, also editing Lorgnette (1850), a satirical magazine that mocked cultivated New York society. His earliest books, Fresh Gleanings (1847) and The Battle Summer (1850), record incidents of his travels in Europe and the French revolution of 1848. With the publication of Reveries of a Bachelor he gained…

Lori Greiner is an American entrepreneur and inventor who built a career developing consumer products and bringing them to mass retail through television shopping networks. After establishing herself as a longtime host on QVC, where she showcased products she designed or helped commercialize, she

bird-of-paradise: …golden-silky, bird-of-paradise (Loboparadisea sericea); and Loria’s, or Lady Macgregor’s, bird-of-paradise (Loria loriae)—three species formerly classified as bowerbirds.

bird-of-paradise: …golden-silky, bird-of-paradise (Loboparadisea sericea); and Loria’s, or Lady Macgregor’s, bird-of-paradise (Loria loriae)—three species formerly classified as bowerbirds.

Ruggiero di Lauria was an Italian admiral in the service of Aragon and Sicily who won important naval victories over the French Angevins (house of Anjou) in the war between France and Aragon over the possession of Sicily in the 1280s. Lauria, who was taken from Italy about 1262, grew up at the

lorica, a tubular, conical, or vaselike structure secreted by some protozoans (e.g., Stentor) and many rotifers. Many species incorporate sand grains and other particles into the lorica for reinforcement. The loose-fitting case, closed at one end, has a large opening at the anterior end through

military technology: Mail: …legionnaire was equipped with a lorica hamata, a mail shirt, from a very early date. Mail was extremely flexible and provided good protection against cutting and piercing weapons. Its main disadvantage was its weight, which tended to hang from the shoulders and waist. In addition, strips of mail tended to…

military technology: Mail: …segmented iron torso defense, the lorica segmentata.

ostariophysan: Annotated classification: Family Loricariidae (suckermouth armoured catfishes) Sucking mouth; 3 or 4 rows of bony scutes. Herbivorous aquarium fishes. Central and South America. About 42 genera, 230 species. Family Scoloplacidae (spiny dwarf catfishes) Body with 2 bilateral series of teethlike-bearing plates, 1 midventral series of plates. Maximum length about…

chiton, any of numerous flattened, bilaterally symmetrical marine mollusks, worldwide in distribution but most abundant in warm regions. The approximately 600 species are usually placed in the class Placophora, Polyplacophora, or Loricata (phylum Mollusca). Chitons are usually oval in shape. On the

parakeet: …short, blunt tails, as the hanging parrots, or bat parrotlets, Loriculus species, popular cage birds in their native area, India to Malaya and the Philippines.

loris: …together they constitute the family Lorisidae.

Lorient, maritime town, Morbihan département, Brittany région, western France. It lies southeast of Quimper and west-southwest of Paris and is situated on the right bank of the Scorff River at its confluence with the Blavet on the Bay of Biscay. Almost completely destroyed by bombing in 1944, the

parrot: …make up the Psittacidae subfamily Loriinae. The 53 species in 12 genera are found in Australia, New Guinea, and some Pacific islands. All have a slender, wavy-edged beak and a brush-tipped tongue for extracting nectar from flowers and juices from fruits.

lorikeet, (subfamily Loriinae), any of 53 species of medium-sized vocal and exceptionally colourful parrots of Australia and New Guinea that feed on pollen and nectar. They have brush-tipped tongues that help sweep food into the mouth. They also eat small insects and are important pollinators of

Lorillard, oldest tobacco manufacturer in the United States, dating to 1760, when a French immigrant, Pierre Lorillard, opened a “manufactory” in New York City. It originally made pipe tobacco, cigars, plug chewing tobacco, and snuff. Tobacco for “roll-your-own” cigarettes was introduced in 1860,

Claude-Joseph-Désiré Charnay: …by the New York philanthropist Pierre Lorillard. Charnay developed a theory of Toltec migrations in which he argued that certain prehistoric peoples of Central America were of Asian origin. His major work on the subject was Les Anciennes Villes du Nouveau Monde (1885; The Ancient Cities of the New World).

George Horace Lorimer was an American editor of The Saturday Evening Post, during whose long tenure (May 17, 1899–January 1, 1937) the magazine attained its greatest success, partly because of his astute judgment of popular American tastes in literature. After working for Philip D. Armour’s

James Lorimer was a legal philosopher, proponent of a doctrine of natural law that was opposed to the utilitarianism of Jeremy Bentham, the positivism of John Austin, and the legal historicism of Sir Henry Maine. More influential in France and Germany than in Great Britain, Lorimer’s theory held

dance notation: Twentieth-century developments: …by the dancer and choreographer Eugene Loring with D.J. Canna, incorporated an unusual movement analysis. This system used a vertical staff and simple signs to record four categories of movement: Emotion, Direction, Degree, and Special. It was used to record Loring’s signature ballet, Billy the Kid (1938).

Hugo von Hofmannsthal was an Austrian poet, dramatist, and essayist. He made his reputation with his lyrical poems and plays and became internationally famous for his collaboration with the German operatic composer Richard Strauss. The only child of a bank director, Hofmannsthal studied law at

loris, (subfamily Lorisinae), any of about 14 species of tail-less or short-tailed South and Southeast Asian forest primates. Lorises are arboreal and nocturnal, curling up to sleep by day. They have soft gray or brown fur and can be recognized by their huge eyes encircled by dark patches and by

loris: …loris [Loris tardigradus] and the gray slender loris [L. lydekkerianus]) of India and Sri Lanka are about 20–25 cm (8–10 inches) long and have long slender limbs, small hands, a rounded head, and a pointed muzzle. Slender lorises feed mostly on insects (predominantly ants) and are solitary. The female usually…

loris: …species of slender lorises (the red slender loris [Loris tardigradus] and the gray slender loris [L. lydekkerianus]) of India and Sri Lanka are about 20–25 cm (8–10 inches) long and have long slender limbs, small hands, a rounded head, and a pointed muzzle. Slender lorises feed mostly on insects (predominantly…

loris: …of the red slender loris—(L. tardigradus nycticeboides and L. tardigradus tardigradus)—have been classified as endangered since 2004. Several species of slow loris are also threatened. The IUCN has listed the Philippine slow loris (N. menagensis) as a vulnerable species and the Sunda slow loris and the Bengal slow loris…

loris: tardigradus nycticeboides and L. tardigradus tardigradus)—have been classified as endangered since 2004. Several species of slow loris are also threatened. The IUCN has listed the Philippine slow loris (N. menagensis) as a vulnerable species and the Sunda slow loris and the Bengal slow loris (N. bengalensis) as endangered…

Henricus Glareanus was a Swiss Humanist, poet, teacher, and music theorist, known especially for his publication Dodecachordon (Basel, 1547). Crowned poet laureate by the Habsburg emperor Maximilian at Cologne (1512), Glareanus established himself briefly at Basel in 1514, where he came under the

Alexander II: Life: This so-called Loris-Melikov Constitution, if implemented, might possibly have become the germ of constitutional development in Russia. But on the day when, after much hesitation, the tsar finally signed the proclamation announcing his intentions (March 1, 1881), he was mortally wounded by bombs in a plot sponsored…

Mikhail Tariyelovich, Graf Loris-Melikov was a military officer and statesman who, as minister of the interior at the end of the reign of the emperor Alexander II (ruled 1855–81), formulated reforms designed to liberalize the Russian autocracy. Loris-Melikov was the son of an Armenian merchant. He

loris: …together they constitute the family Lorisidae.

lemur: …excludes the last three (the Lorisiformes).

loris, (subfamily Lorisinae), any of about 14 species of tail-less or short-tailed South and Southeast Asian forest primates. Lorises are arboreal and nocturnal, curling up to sleep by day. They have soft gray or brown fur and can be recognized by their huge eyes encircled by dark patches and by

psittaciform: Skin and plumage: One, the eclectus parrot (Eclectus roratus), was for many years thought to be two separate species until it was noted that only males were known for the predominantly green “species” and only females for the wine-red “species.” The head is crested in a few parrots, especially among…

Lorna Doone, historical romance by R.D. Blackmore, published in 1869. Set in the wilds of Exmoor (northern Devonshire, Eng.) during the late 17th century, the novel concerns the adventurous life of the yeoman John Ridd and the circuitous course of his love for Lorna Doone, a beautiful maiden.

Margaret Lockwood: …made her film debut in Lorna Doone (1935). A vivacious brunette with a beauty spot on her left cheek, she starred in a wide variety of films, notably the wartime thriller Night Train to Munich (1940), the romantic comedy Quiet Wedding (1941), as the husband-stealing murderess in the period melodrama…

Diane Johnson: In Lorna Mott Comes Home (2021), a woman returns to the United States after living in France for a number of years.

Dardenne brothers: Le Silence de Lorna (2008; Lorna’s Silence), which won best screenplay at Cannes, portrays the lengths to which a young Albanian woman will go to secure a measure of happiness. In the suspenseful Le Gamin au vélo (2011; The Kid with a Bike), the Dardennes focused on the poignant struggles…

Burkina Faso: Cultural life: …of a fortified settlement at Loropéni, located in the southern part of the country. The ruins date back some 1,000 years and were designated a UNESCO World Heritage site in 2009.

Claude Lorrain was a French artist best known for, and one of the greatest masters of, ideal landscape painting, an art form that seeks to present a view of nature more beautiful and harmonious than nature itself. The quality of that beauty is governed by Classical concepts, and the landscape often

Lorraine, medieval region, present-day northeastern France. By the Treaty of Verdun (843), it became part of the realm of Lothar I. Inherited by his son Lothar, it became the kingdom of Lotharingia. After Lothar’s death, it was contested by Germany and France and came under German control in 925.

Lorraine, historical region and former région of France, incorporated since January 2016 into the région of Grand Est. As an administrative entity it encompassed the northeastern départements of Vosges, Meuse, Meurthe-et-Moselle, and Moselle. Much of Lorraine is forested and hilly. The Vosges

Martin Luther King, Jr.: Challenges of the final years of Martin Luther King, Jr.: …the second-story balcony of the Lorraine Motel, where he and his associates were staying, King was killed by a sniper’s bullet. The killing sparked riots and disturbances in over 100 cities across the country. On March 10, 1969, the accused assassin, a white man, James Earl Ray, pleaded guilty to…

Charles de Lorraine, 2nd cardinal de Lorraine was one of the foremost members of the powerful Roman Catholic house of Guise and perhaps the most influential Frenchman during the middle years of the 16th century. He was intelligent, avaricious, and cautious. The second son of Claude, 1st Duke de

Jean de Lorraine, 1st cardinal de Lorraine was a French cardinal of the celebrated family of Guise, a noted patron of arts and letters. His older brother was Claude de Lorraine, 1st Duke de Guise. Jean became coadjutor of the bishop of Metz at the age of three and cardinal at 20. In the course of

Chuck Lorre is an American television writer and producer, nicknamed “The King of Sitcoms,” who is best known for creating a string of long-running hit comedies, most notably Two and a Half Men (2003–15), Mike & Molly (2010–16), The Big Bang Theory (2007–19), and Young Sheldon (2017–24). He has

Peter Lorre was a Hungarian-born American motion-picture actor who projected a sinister image as a lisping, round-faced, soft-voiced villain in thrillers. A player of bit parts with a German theatrical troupe from 1921, Lorre achieved international fame as the psychotic child murderer in the German

Raymond VII: …to yield, and by the Treaty of Lorris (January 1243) the authority of France over Toulouse was greatly strengthened. In his later years, Raymond was a notable builder of bastides (fortified new towns).

truck, any motor vehicle designed to carry freight or goods or to perform special services such as fire fighting. The truck was derived from horse-driven wagon technology, and some of the pioneer manufacturers came from the wagon business. Because of a well-developed system of roads and highways in

Lorsch, village, Hessen Land (state), central Germany, north of Mannheim. It is best known for the ruins of its medieval abbey, from which excavations in 1932 uncovered fragments of an early pictorial stained-glass window dating from the Carolingian period (8th–9th century). The abbey and its

Western architecture: Carolingian period: …gatehouse of the monastery of Lorsch, near Worms, Germany (founded c. 760–764). This edifice borrowed its three arch-shaped passageways and its sectioning by means of Classically influenced half-columns from ancient triumphal arches. On the other hand, Teutonic influence is evident in the upper section of the blind arcade, which consists…

Ludvig Anselm Nordström: …Distress of the Peasantry”) and Lort-Sverige (1938; “Dirt-Sweden”), dealing with the limits of common rural existence and with the filth of the supposedly “clean” Swedish countryside. Both aroused widespread discussion and, together with the contemporaneous economic studies of Gunnar and Alva Myrdal, helped to prompt subsequent reforms. Only two of…

Albert Lortzing was a composer who established the 19th-century style of light German opera that remained in favour until the mid-20th century. Lortzing’s parents were actors, and he was largely self-taught as a musician. He produced a one-act vaudeville, Ali Pascha von Janina, in 1828; a play with

Albert Lortzing was a composer who established the 19th-century style of light German opera that remained in favour until the mid-20th century. Lortzing’s parents were actors, and he was largely self-taught as a musician. He produced a one-act vaudeville, Ali Pascha von Janina, in 1828; a play with

Banks Islands: …by the sea, thus creating Lorup Bay in its east coast. Several of the islands have active volcanoes. The islands’ inhabitants, who are mostly Melanesians, cultivate copra and coffee for export. There are airstrips on Mota Lava and Vanua Lava.

lory, any of numerous parrots of the subfamily Loriinae. See

Los Alamos, county, north central New Mexico, U.S. It is a scenic area in the Jemez range of the Southern Rocky Mountains. The Santa Fe National Forest covers the county. The first white settlers arrived in the 1880s, and the county, named for its seat, was established out of parts of Santa Fe and

Los Alamos, city, seat (1949) of Los Alamos county, north-central New Mexico, U.S. It lies on the Pajarito Plateau (elevation 7,300 feet [2,225 metres]) of the Jemez Mountains, 35 miles (56 km) northwest of Santa Fe. The site was named Los Alamos (Spanish: “the cottonwoods”) by Ashley Pond, founder

Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL), the laboratory that produced the first atomic bombs used during World War II and home of the primary nuclear weapons research facility in the United States. It is located in Los Alamos, New Mexico, 35 miles (56 km) northwest of Santa Fe. In 1942 General Leslie

linear accelerator: …proton linac is at the Clinton P. Anderson Meson Physics Facility in Los Alamos, N.M., U.S.; it is 875 m (2,870 feet) long and accelerates protons to 800 million electron volts (800 megaelectron volts). For much of its length, this machine utilizes a structural variation, known as the side-coupled cavity…

Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL), the laboratory that produced the first atomic bombs used during World War II and home of the primary nuclear weapons research facility in the United States. It is located in Los Alamos, New Mexico, 35 miles (56 km) northwest of Santa Fe. In 1942 General Leslie

Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL), the laboratory that produced the first atomic bombs used during World War II and home of the primary nuclear weapons research facility in the United States. It is located in Los Alamos, New Mexico, 35 miles (56 km) northwest of Santa Fe. In 1942 General Leslie

Chubut: The Los Alerces National Park (463,400 acres [187,500 hectares]) includes glaciated mountains, alpine lakes, rivers, and forests. To the east are isolated mountain ranges, salt flats, and salt lakes. The Chubut River crosses the province west to east. The Valdés Peninsula, designated as a UNESCO World…

Hugo Eckener: The ZR-3 (later named Los Angeles) had been built for the United States as a war reparations payment. Eckener also commanded the Graf Zeppelin on its epic around-the-world flight in 1929 and on its polar-exploration flight in 1931.

Hispanics in the United States: The U.S. Census of 2000: …largest concentration of Hispanics was Los Angeles county, with more than four million Hispanics; counties with more than one million Hispanics included Miami-Dade (encompassing Miami) in Florida, Harris (Houston) in Texas, and Cook (Chicago) in Illinois.

X: Formed in 1977, X released Los Angeles in 1980. That effort and the follow-up albums Wild Gift (1981) and Under the Big Black Sun (1982) drew critical raves, as X broadened punk’s do-it-yourself ethos with excellent musicianship (Zoom, who had once played with rock-and-roll pioneer Gene Vincent, blazed through country,…