Jalore, town, southwestern Rajasthan state, northwestern India. It lies just south of the Sukri River, which is a tributary of the Luni River. Jalore was a medieval stronghold that served as the 12th-century capital of the Chauhan Rajputs (the warrior rulers of the historic region of Rajputana). It

novel: Antinovel: …writers like Alain Robbe-Grillet in Jealousy (1957), Nathalie Sarraute in Tropisms (1939) and The Planetarium (1959), and Michel Butor in Passing Time (1957) and Degrees (1960) wish mainly to remove the pathetic fallacy from fiction, in which the universe, which is indifferent to man, is made

Murad II: …and were soundly defeated at Jalowaz (1444). After signing a peace treaty at Edirne (June 12, 1444), Murad abdicated in favour of his 12-year-old son, Mehmed II.

Jalpaiguri, city, northern West Bengal state, northeastern India, on the west bank of the Tista River, a major tributary of the Brahmaputra River. Jalpaiguri is the chief agricultural distribution centre of the state. It is connected by road and rail with Darjiling (Darjeeling), Siliguri, and

Yalta, city, Crimea, southern Ukraine. It faces the Black Sea on the southern shore of the Crimean Peninsula. Settlement on the site dates from prehistoric times, but modern Yalta developed only in the early 19th century, becoming a town in 1838. Its favourable climate, with mild winters, and its

percussion instrument: Idiophones: But the jaltarang, also South Asian, makes use of water for fine tuning and for the playing of gamakas (ornaments) by carefully bringing the sticks into contact with the surface of the water. Similar musical cups are played in Japan in Buddhist temples and in the music…

Jaluit Atoll, coral formation in the Ralik (western) chain of the Republic of the Marshall Islands, situated in the west-central Pacific Ocean. Jabor is the chief settlement. The atoll has a total land area of 4.4 square miles (11.4 square km) and a lagoon that is easily accessible and provides a

Islamic arts: Architecture in Iran: … (such as the one at Jām). Shorter and squatter towers were mausoleums. Those were particularly typical of northern Iran. The other characteristic architectural type exists only in Eṣfahān in a much-damaged state. It is the pīshṭāq, a formal gateway that served to emphasize a building’s presence and importance.

fruit processing: Fruit preserves, jams, and jellies: Jams are made from the entire fruit, including the pulp, while preserves are essentially jellies that contain whole or large pieces. Marmalade, usually made from citrus fruit, is a jellylike concentrate of prepared juice and sliced peel.

Iraq War: Occupation and continued warfare: …such Shiʿi militia group, the Mahdi Army, formed by cleric Muqtadā al-Ṣadr in the summer of 2003, was particularly deadly in its battle against Sunnis and U.S. and Iraqi forces and was considered a major destabilizing force in the country.

Jam Master Jay was an American rap musician and producer who was a member of Run-DMC, the first rap group to attract a worldwide audience. The group is credited with bringing hip-hop into the cultural mainstream, known for such hits as “It’s Like That” and “Walk This Way.” In 2002 Jam Master Jay

nut: …a thin nut called a jam nut against a standard nut. Another locknut contains a fibre or plastic insert near the top of the nut; locking occurs when this insert interferes with the bolt threads as the nut is tightened. The wing nut is used in applications in which frequent…

Jimmy Jam and Terry Lewis: Jimmy Jam and Terry Lewis’s emergence as major record producers was kick-started by Prince’s pique. Keyboard player Jimmy Jam (born James Harris III on June 6, 1959, in Minneapolis) and bassist Terry Lewis (born November 24, 1956, in Omaha, Nebraska) played together in local Minneapolis…

the Jam, British rock group that emerged at the height of the punk rock movement but whose sound and image were greatly influenced by the British mod bands of the early 1960s. The principal members were Paul Weller (b. May 25, 1958, Woking, Surrey, Eng.), Rick Buckler (b. Dec. 6, 1955, Woking), and

Mañjuśrī, in Mahāyāna Buddhism, the bodhisattva (“Buddha-to-be”) personifying supreme wisdom. His name in Sanskrit means “gentle, or sweet, glory”; he is also known as Mãnjughoṣa (“Sweet Voice”) and Vāgīśvara (“Lord of Speech”). In China he is called Wen-shu Shih-li, in Japan Monju, and in Tibet

Dalai Lama: History of Dalai Lamas: The eighth Dalai Lama, ’Jam-dpal-rgya-mtsho (Jampel Gyatso; 1758–1804), saw his country invaded by Gurkha troops from Nepal but defeated them with the aid of Chinese forces. The next four Dalai Lamas all died young, and the country was ruled by regents of the Qing dynasty. They were Lung-rtogs-rgya-mtsho (Lungtok…

American Medical Association: …of the AMA include the Journal of the American Medical Association, which is released 48 times a year, and 11 journals issued either monthly or bimonthly and devoted to such medical specialties as internal medicine, psychiatry, and pediatrics. In addition, the AMA publishes the online journal JAMA Network Open, which…

Mapun: The Jama Mapun people constitute the great majority of the island’s population. They speak a Sama-Bajau language of the Austronesian language family, and most are adherents of Islam.

Jama Masjid of Delhi, mosque in Old Delhi, India, constructed in 1650–56 by the Mughal emperor Shah Jahan, a noted patron of Islamic architecture whose most famous work is the Taj Mahal, in Agra. Jama Masjid, now the second largest mosque on the Indian subcontinent, is also an impressive example of

Mira Nair: Documentaries: …she produced her first documentary, Jama Masjid Street Journal (1979), a record of a traditional Muslim community. Nair then created a series of gritty and realistic documentaries that examine India’s traditions and culture, including Children of a Desired Sex (1987), which examines the country’s patriarchal society and its effects on…

Jama’are, town and traditional emirate, Bauchi state, northern Nigeria. The town is situated along the Jamaari River, which is a tributary of the Katagum, and at the intersection of roads leading from Wudil, Azare, and Faggo. Traditionally founded in 1811 by Muhammadu Wabi I, a leader in the Fulani

Marrakech: …heart of the medina is Jamaa el-Fna square, a vibrant marketplace. Nearby is the 12th-century Kutubiyyah (Koutoubia) Mosque with its 253-foot (77-metre) minaret, built by Spanish captives. The 16th-century Saʿdī Mausoleum, the 18th-century Dar el-Beïda Palace (now a hospital), and the 19th-century Bahia royal residence reflect the city’s historical growth.…

Jamaame, town, southern Somalia, eastern Africa. Jamaame is situated on the eastern bank of the lower Jubba River, in the southeastern coastal lowlands near the Indian Ocean. The town is an important agricultural, commercial, and industrial centre. Bananas, the major crop, are exported through

Jama’are, town and traditional emirate, Bauchi state, northern Nigeria. The town is situated along the Jamaari River, which is a tributary of the Katagum, and at the intersection of roads leading from Wudil, Azare, and Faggo. Traditionally founded in 1811 by Muhammadu Wabi I, a leader in the Fulani

Mumbai terrorist attacks of 2008: The attackers: …a second and related organization, Jamaat-ud-Dawa, in the city of Muridke before traveling from Punjab to the port city of Karachi and setting out for Mumbai by sea.

Jaish-e-Mohammed (JeM), Islamist militant group, founded in Pakistan in 2000 by Masood Azhar, primarily known for its armed insurgency against Indian troops in the Kashmir region. The group is designated as a terrorist organization by the United Nations and several countries, including India, the

Parashurama: …born to the Brahman sage Jamadagni and the princess Renuka, a member of the Kshatriya class. When Jamadagni suspected Renuka of an unchaste thought, he ordered Parashurama to cut off her head, which the obedient son did. Later, to avenge the murder of his father by a Kshatriya, he killed…

dress: South Asia: …costumes thereafter consisted of the jamah, a long-sleeved coat that reached to the knees or below and was belted in with a sash, and wide trousers known as isar. These garments and the farji, a long, gownlike coat with short sleeves, which was worn by priests, scholars, and high officials,…

Jamaica, island country of the West Indies. It is the third largest island in the Caribbean Sea, after Cuba and Hispaniola. Jamaica is about 146 miles (235 km) long and varies from 22 to 51 miles (35 to 82 km) wide. It is situated some 100 miles (160 km) west of Haiti, 90 miles (150 km) south of

Lena Horne: …performance on Broadway—in the musical Jamaica (1957)—won her a New York Drama Critics’ Poll Award in 1958.

Jamaica Bay, shallow inlet of the Atlantic Ocean covering about 20 square miles (50 square km) on the southwestern shore of Long Island, southeastern New York, U.S. Part of the Port of New York, the bay is sheltered on the south by Rockaway Peninsula and is traversed by the Cross Bay Boulevard.

Windward Passage: The Jamaica Channel, between Jamaica (west) and Hispaniola (east), forms a southwest extension of the Windward Passage.

ebony: Jamaica, American, or green ebony is produced by the unrelated Brya ebenus, a leguminous tree or shrub; the heartwood is a rich dark brown, very heavy, exceedingly hard, and capable of receiving a high polish.

Alfred Hitchcock: First international releases: The Man Who Knew Too Much to Jamaica Inn: …in England, the Gothic costumer Jamaica Inn (1939), from a popular novel by Daphne du Maurier; Charles Laughton played a country squire who secretly heads a band of pirates.

Jamaica: Political process: …main political parties are the Jamaica Labour Party (JLP) and the People’s National Party (PNP), and between them they have dominated legislative elections since the country’s independence, to the virtual exclusion of any third party. The adversarial nature of Jamaican politics conceals broad agreement on constitutionalism, public education, and social…

Letter from Jamaica, Letter written by Latin American soldier, revolutionary, and statesman Simón Bolívar in 1815 while in exile in Jamaica in which he articulates his desire for Latin American unity and his vision of republican government. One of Bolívar’s most important pieces of writing and a

Jamaica: Finance: The central bank is the Bank of Jamaica (founded 1960); it issues currency (the Jamaican dollar) and credit and promotes economic development. Several banks and special funding institutions provide loans for industry, housing, tourism, and agriculture.

After dissolution of the West Indies Federation, a group formed in 1958 of British-ruled islands, Jamaica moved quickly to establish a national flag in anticipation of its independence day, August 6, 1962. The legislative committee responsible agreed that the flag should have the colours black,

Jamaica: History of Jamaica: The following history of Jamaica focuses on events from the time of European contact. For treatments of the island in its regional context, see West Indies and history of Latin America.

Jamaica: The arts and cultural institutions: The Institute of Jamaica, an early patron and promoter of the arts, sponsors exhibitions and awards. The institute administers the National Gallery, Liberty Hall, the African Caribbean Institute of Jamaica, and the Jamaica Journal. The institute is also the country’s museums authority. The Jamaica Library Service,…

Omphalea: triandra, the Jamaican cobnut, or pop nut, is native to the West Indies and cultivated in Europe. It grows to about 3.5 metres (11.5 feet) and bears yellow nuts 3.75 centimetres (1.5 inches) thick, which are edible if the poisonous embryo is removed. Juice from the fruit…

Lee “Scratch” Perry: Jamaican E.T. (2002) won the Grammy Award for best reggae album, and The End of an American Dream (2007), Repentance (2008), Revelation (2010), and Back on the Controls (2014) were all nominated in that category.

Jamaican fruit bat, (Artibeus jamaicensis), a common and widespread bat of Central and South America with a fleshy nose leaf resembling a third ear positioned on the muzzle. The Jamaican fruit bat has gray-brown fur and indistinct, whitish facial stripes. It has no tail, and the membrane stretching

allspice, (Pimenta dioica), tropical evergreen tree of the myrtle family (Myrtaceae) and its berries, the source of a highly aromatic spice. The plant is native to the West Indies and Central America. Allspice was so named because the flavor of the dried berry resembles a combination of cloves,

roselle, (Hibiscus sabdariffa), plant of the hibiscus, or mallow, family (Malvaceae) and its fibre, one of the bast fibre group. Roselle is probably native to West Africa and includes Hibiscus sabdariffa, variety altissima, grown for fibre, and H. sabdariffa, variety sabdariffa, cultivated for the

al-Ḥillī was a theologian and expounder of doctrines of the Shīʿī, one of the two main systems of Islam, the other being the Sunnī, which is the larger. Al-Ḥillī studied law, theology, and the uṣūl, or principles of the faith, in the city of Ḥillah, an important centre for Shīʿī learning in the

Jamāl al-Dīn al-Afghānī was a Muslim politician, political agitator, and journalist whose belief in the potency of a revived Islamic civilization in the face of European domination significantly influenced the development of Muslim thought in the 19th and early 20th centuries. Very little is known

Muhammad ʿAli Jamalzadah was an Iranian prose writer who became one of the most important figures in 20th-century Persian literature. Although his father was a Muslim cleric, Jamalzadah was educated by Jesuits in Beirut, Lebanon. After earning his law degree at the University of Dijon in France, he

Jamalpur, city, north-central Bangladesh. It lies on the west bank of the Old Brahmaputra River. An important trade centre, especially for agricultural products, it is connected by rail with Mymensingh, Jagannathganj Ghat, and Bahadurabad Ghat and by road with Mymensingh, Tangail, and Meghalaya

Jamalpur, city, central Bihar state, northeastern India. It is situated just south of Munger near the Ganges (Ganga) River. Jamalpur was established in 1862 as a railway settlement and contains large locomotive engineering workshops as well as major iron and steel foundries. Slate quarries are

Muhammad ʿAli Jamalzadah was an Iranian prose writer who became one of the most important figures in 20th-century Persian literature. Although his father was a Muslim cleric, Jamalzadah was educated by Jesuits in Beirut, Lebanon. After earning his law degree at the University of Dijon in France, he

Muhammad ʿAli Jamalzadah was an Iranian prose writer who became one of the most important figures in 20th-century Persian literature. Although his father was a Muslim cleric, Jamalzadah was educated by Jesuits in Beirut, Lebanon. After earning his law degree at the University of Dijon in France, he

Muhammad ʿAli Jamalzadah was an Iranian prose writer who became one of the most important figures in 20th-century Persian literature. Although his father was a Muslim cleric, Jamalzadah was educated by Jesuits in Beirut, Lebanon. After earning his law degree at the University of Dijon in France, he

Jamaame, town, southern Somalia, eastern Africa. Jamaame is situated on the eastern bank of the lower Jubba River, in the southeastern coastal lowlands near the Indian Ocean. The town is an important agricultural, commercial, and industrial centre. Bananas, the major crop, are exported through

Aruba: Land: Its highest point is Mount Jamanota, which rises to 620 feet (189 metres) above sea level. Among the isolated steep-sided hills that characterize the landscape is the mountain known as Hooiberg (“Haystack”), which reaches 560 feet (171 metres). In some places immense monolithic boulders of diorite are peculiarly piled…

Kavadh I: …in favour of a brother, Jamasp.

Berber: …a council of elders, the jamāʿah, who kept the peace by adjudication, rulings on compensation, and determination of punishments. In fact the various societies were not egalitarian. The village and the clan regularly admitted newcomers as inferiors, and the ruling elders came from leading families. If villages or clans went…

Egyptian Islamic Jihad: …EIJ was largely overshadowed by al-Jamāʿah al-Islāmiyyah, which waged a far-bloodier campaign inside Egypt, killing numerous officials, civilians, and foreign tourists.

Boko Haram, Islamic sectarian movement, founded in 2002 by Mohammed Yusuf in northeastern Nigeria, that since 2009 has carried out assassinations and large-scale acts of violence in that country. The group’s initial proclaimed intent was to uproot the corruption and injustice in Nigeria, which it

Arabic literature: The short story: …writers who became known as Jamāʿat al-Madrasah Ḥadīthah (“New School Group”). The pioneer figure of the school, Muḥammad Taymūr, died at an early age, but the other members of the group elaborated on his efforts and brought the genre to a level of real maturity: if Muḥammad’s brother Maḥmūd Taymūr…

Islam: Ismāʿīlīs: …still have not mosques but jamāʿat khānahs (“gathering houses”), and their mode of worship bears little resemblance to that of the Muslims generally.

Jamaʿat-i Islami, religious party founded in British-controlled India (now Pakistan) in 1941 by Mawlana Abū al-Aʿlā al-Mawdūdī (1903–79). The party was established to reform society in accordance with the faith and drew its inspiration from the model of the prophet Muhammad’s original Muslim

Jamaʿat-i Islami, religious party founded in British-controlled India (now Pakistan) in 1941 by Mawlana Abū al-Aʿlā al-Mawdūdī (1903–79). The party was established to reform society in accordance with the faith and drew its inspiration from the model of the prophet Muhammad’s original Muslim

jambalaya, a savory dish, popularly associated with the U.S. state of Louisiana, consisting of meat (pork, chicken, or even rabbit), seafood (shrimp, crab, crawfish), or both (often including andouille either way) and cooked with vegetables, stock, rice, and various seasonings. While an assortment

Kubera, in Hindu mythology, the god of wealth and the king of the yakshas (nature spirits). He is associated with the earth, mountains, all treasures such as minerals and jewels that lie underground, and riches in general. He is sometimes called Dhanada (“giver of wealth”) and for his fellow gods

Jambi, kotamadya (municipality) and propinsi (or provinsi; province), southeastern Sumatra, Indonesia. The province is bounded by the province of Riau to the north, by the Strait of Berhala to the east, and by the provinces of South Sumatra (Sumatera Selatan) and Bengkulu to the south and West

Indonesia: The maritime influence: …the neighbouring estuary town of Jambi, on the Batanghari River, which was probably controlled by the Minangkabau people of the island’s west-central interior. With the decline of the tributary trade with China, a number of harbours in the region became centres of international trade. Malayu-Jambi never had the opportunity to…

Yambol, town, east-central Bulgaria, on the Tundzha (Tundja) River. North of the present town are the ruins of Kabyle (or Cabyle), which originated as a Bronze Age settlement in the 2nd millennium bce and was conquered by the Macedonians under Philip II in 342–341 bce. Taken by Rome in 72 bce,

jamdani, type of figured muslin characterized by an intricate, elaborate design that constitutes one of the greatest accomplishments of Bangladeshi weavers. The origins of figured muslin are not clear; it is mentioned in Sanskrit literature of the Gupta period (4th–6th century ce). It is known,

Ur: Foundation of the city: …the succeeding “Jamdat Nasr” (Late Protoliterate) phase, a large cemetery produced valuable remains allied to more sensational discoveries made at Erech.

James Jamerson was an American bass player best known as the primary bassist for Motown Records’ in-house session band, the Funk Brothers. Jamerson played on dozens of hits during the 1960s and early ’70s, among them “My Girl” (1964) by the Temptations and “Ain’t No Mountain High Enough” (1967) by

James Jamerson was an American bass player best known as the primary bassist for Motown Records’ in-house session band, the Funk Brothers. Jamerson played on dozens of hits during the 1960s and early ’70s, among them “My Girl” (1964) by the Temptations and “Ain’t No Mountain High Enough” (1967) by

Joanna Lumley: …appeared in such films as James and the Giant Peach (1996), Ella Enchanted (2004), The Wolf of Wall Street (2013), Paddington 2 (2017), Finding Your Feet (2017), and The Picture of Dorian Gray (2021). In addition, she lent her voice to various projects, including Corpse Bride (2005).

Roald Dahl: Children’s books: James and the Giant Peach (1961; film 1996), written for his own children, originated as a bedtime story. The book follows the adventures of a young orphan who escapes his nasty aunts by going on a journey around the world inside an enormous rolling peach.…

clipper ship: …record 89 days, and the James Baines set the transatlantic sailing record of 12 days 6 h from Boston to Liverpool, Eng. The Lightning set the all-time record for a single day’s sail, covering 436 nautical miles in 24 h. The Lightning and the James Baines (both launched in 1854…

James Bay, shallow southern extension of Hudson Bay, located between northern Ontario and Quebec, Canada. Generally less than 200 feet (60 m) deep, the bay is 275 miles (443 km) long and 135 miles (217 km) wide and contains numerous islands, all of which are administered by the Northwest

Saint Helena: Land: …the island’s northwestern side at James Bay, from which a narrow valley extends 1.5 miles (2.4 km) inland. In this valley is nestled the town and port of Jamestown.

James Beard: In 1986 the James Beard Foundation was established; its scholarship program played an important role in helping culinary students and professionals continue American culinary traditions. Since 1991 the annual James Beard Foundation Awards—the food industry’s equivalent of an Oscar—have recognized “exceptional talent and achievement in the culinary arts”…

Jamestown Colony, first permanent English settlement in North America, located near present-day Williamsburg, Virginia. Established on May 14, 1607, the colony gave England its first foothold in the European competition for the New World, which had been dominated by the Spanish since the voyages of

radio telescope: Filled-aperture telescopes: The largest of these, the James Clerk Maxwell Telescope at the Mauna Kea Observatory, has a diameter of 15 metres (49 feet).

Mark Rydell: Rydell had more success with James Dean (2001), a television film in which James Franco effectively embodied the iconic actor; Rydell cast himself as Jack Warner, an executive at Warner Brothers. His final film as a director was the gambling drama Even Money (2006), which featured Kim Basinger, Danny DeVito,…

Amateur Athletic Union of the United States: The James E. Sullivan Memorial Trophy, named for an early AAU official, is awarded annually to the nation’s outstanding amateur athlete. Publications include Amateur Athlete (monthly) and sports guides and rule books. Its headquarters is in Indianapolis, Ind.

Amateur Athletic Union of the United States: The James E. Sullivan Memorial Trophy, named for an early AAU official, is awarded annually to the nation’s outstanding amateur athlete. Publications include Amateur Athlete (monthly) and sports guides and rule books. Its headquarters is in Indianapolis, Ind.

James Edward, the Old Pretender , also known as the Old Pretender, was the son of the deposed Roman Catholic monarch James II of England and claimant to the English and Scottish thrones. Styled James III of England and James VIII of Scotland by his supporters, he made several halfhearted efforts to

Jamestown Colony, first permanent English settlement in North America, located near present-day Williamsburg, Virginia. Established on May 14, 1607, the colony gave England its first foothold in the European competition for the New World, which had been dominated by the Spanish since the voyages of

Jesse James and Frank James: …year, Cole Younger joined the gang, with the other Younger brothers following his lead one by one during the next few years. The James gang robbed banks from Iowa to Alabama and Texas and began holding up trains in 1873. The bandits also preyed upon stagecoaches, stores, and individuals. Throughout…

the Guess Who: Post-Bachman years: …with Ronnie Hawkins and the James Gang, replaced Winter and McDougall and became Cummings’s songwriting partner for Flavours and Power in the Music (both 1975). Cummings then left the band after becoming disenchanted with the more progressive rock direction he saw the Guess Who taking with Troiano. The band continued…

James Gregory: …appreciated since the publication of James Gregory: Tercentenary Memorial Volume (ed. by H.W. Turnbull; 1939), which contains most of his letters and posthumous manuscripts.

James Gunn’s ability to translate the energy and inventiveness of comic books into film has made him one of the most sought-after American writer-directors in the superhero genre—one of the most lucrative reservoirs of ideas for Hollywood adaptations in the early 21st century. Gunn’s narratives are

James I was the most renowned of the medieval kings of Aragon (1213–76), who added the Balearic Islands and Valencia to his realm and thus initiated the Catalan-Aragonese expansion in the Mediterranean that was to reach its zenith in the last decades of the 14th century. James was the son of Peter

James I was the king of Scotland (as James VI) from 1567 to 1625 and first Stuart king of England from 1603 to 1625, who styled himself “king of Great Britain.” James was a strong advocate of royal absolutism, and his conflicts with an increasingly self-assertive Parliament set the stage for the

James I was the king of Scots from 1406 to 1437. During the 13 years (1424–37) in which he had control of the government, he established the first strong monarchy the Scots had known in nearly a century. James was the son and heir of King Robert III (reigned 1390–1406). In 1406 Robert decided to

James II was the king of Aragon from 1295 to 1327 and king of Sicily (as James I) from 1285 to 1295. At the death of his father, Peter III, on Nov. 11, 1285, James inherited Sicily, and his elder brother became Alfonso III of Aragon, Catalonia, and Valencia. When his brother died (1291) he

James II was the king of Scots from 1437 to 1460. He survived the civil strife of the first half of his reign and eventually emerged as a masterful ruler who consolidated his power throughout the kingdom. The only surviving son of King James I, he succeeded to the throne at the age of six upon his

James II was the king of England, Scotland, and Ireland from 1685 to 1688, and the last Stuart monarch in the direct male line. He was deposed in the Glorious Revolution (1688–89) and replaced by William III and Mary II. That revolution, engendered by James’s Roman Catholicism, permanently

Caterina Cornaro: …queen of Cyprus by marrying James II, king of Cyprus, Jerusalem, and Armenia, supplying him with a much-needed alliance with Venice.

James II was the king of Aragon from 1295 to 1327 and king of Sicily (as James I) from 1285 to 1295. At the death of his father, Peter III, on Nov. 11, 1285, James inherited Sicily, and his elder brother became Alfonso III of Aragon, Catalonia, and Valencia. When his brother died (1291) he

James III was the king of Scots from 1460 to 1488. A weak monarch, he was confronted with two major rebellions because he failed to win the respect of the nobility. James received the crown at the age of eight upon the death of his father, King James II. Scotland was governed first by James’s

Peter IV: Having picked a quarrel with James III of Majorca, he reincorporated the possessions of the Majorcan crown, namely the Balearic Islands and Roussillon, by force into his own dominions (1343–44). He next crushed the long-standing pretensions of the Aragonese nobles by defeating the armies of the Unión Aragonesa at Epila…

Caterina Cornaro: …when she bore a son, James III (August 1473), Cyprus was seized by the archbishop of Nicosia and his Neapolitan allies. Imprisoned briefly, Caterina was restored by the intervention of Venice.