Tommy John surgery: Origins: …September 1974, by orthopedic surgeon Frank Jobe on pitcher Tommy John, who was playing for the Los Angeles Dodgers. At that time, elbow soreness and subsequent surgery often meant the end of a baseball pitcher’s career. When Jobe examined John’s throwing arm, he noticed that the UCL was simply absent.…

Antônio Carlos Jobim was a Brazilian songwriter, composer, and arranger who transformed the extroverted rhythms of the Brazilian samba into an intimate music, the bossa nova (“new trend”), which became internationally popular in the 1960s. “Tom” Jobim—as he was popularly known—first began playing

Antônio Carlos Jobim was a Brazilian songwriter, composer, and arranger who transformed the extroverted rhythms of the Brazilian samba into an intimate music, the bossa nova (“new trend”), which became internationally popular in the 1960s. “Tom” Jobim—as he was popularly known—first began playing

Labor fuels the engines of economic production, and that’s precisely why the monthly Employment Situation Summary (aka the monthly jobs report) commands so much attention from investors and economists alike. In addition to serving as a barometer for the economy, it’s also one of the first major

Ashton Kutcher: Stardom: …several films, including the biopic Jobs (2013), in which he played Apple cofounder Steve Jobs. From 2016 to 2020, Kutcher portrayed a former Canadian professional football player in the Netflix sitcom The Ranch. Kutcher later starred opposite Reese Witherspoon in Your Place or Mine (2023), a rom-com about two best

Steve Jobs was the cofounder of Apple Computer, Inc. (now Apple Inc.), and a charismatic pioneer of the personal computer era. Jobs was raised by adoptive parents in Cupertino, California, located in what is now known as Silicon Valley. Though he was interested in engineering, his passions of youth

Steve Jobs was the cofounder of Apple Computer, Inc. (now Apple Inc.), and a charismatic pioneer of the personal computer era. Jobs was raised by adoptive parents in Cupertino, California, located in what is now known as Silicon Valley. Though he was interested in engineering, his passions of youth

Roxy Music: …1951, Jarrow, Northumberland), and keyboardist Eddie Jobson (b. April 28, 1955, Billingham, Durham).

Jobst was a margrave of Moravia and Brandenburg and for 15 weeks the German king (1410–11), who, by his political and military machinations in east-central Europe, played a powerful role in the political life of Germany. A member of the Luxembourg dynasty, Jobst was a nephew of the Holy Roman

Martha Graham: Maturity of Martha Graham: …about the Greek legendary figure Jocasta, the whole dance-drama takes place in the instant when Jocasta learns that she has mated with Oedipus, her own son, and has borne him children. The work treats Jocasta rather than Oedipus as the tragic victim, and shows her reliving the events of her…

George Gascoigne: Gascoigne’s Jocasta (performed in 1566) constituted the first Greek tragedy to be presented on the English stage. Translated into blank verse, with the collaboration of Francis Kinwelmersh, from Lodovico Dolce’s Giocasta, the work derives ultimately from Euripides’ Phoenissae. In comedy, Gascoigne’s Supposes (1566?), a prose translation…

Manta, port city, western Ecuador, on Manta Bay. Originally known as Jocay (“Golden Doors”), it was inhabited by 3000 bce and was a Manta Indian capital by 1200 ce. Under Spanish rule it was renamed Manta and was reorganized by the conquistador Francisco Pancheco in 1535. In 1565 families from

Alphonse de Lamartine: Political career: …it appeared in 1836 as Jocelyn. It is the story of a young man who intended to take up the religious life but instead, when cast out of the seminary by the Revolution, falls in love with a young girl; recalled to the order by his dying bishop, he renounces…

Vladimir Ilich Jochelson was a Russian ethnographer and linguist noted for his studies of Siberian peoples. Jochelson began his research while in exile in the Kamchatka region of eastern Siberia because of his activities with the revolutionary Narodnaya Volya (“People’s Will”) organization. He took

encyclopaedia: Biography: …Scholarly Lexicon”) was compiled by Christian Gottlieb Jöcher, a German biographer, and issued by Gleditsch, the publisher of both Hübner and Marperger’s work and the opponent of Zedler’s encyclopaedia. Jöcher’s work was continued by the German philologist Johann Cristoph Adelung and others and is still of value today. The field…

Jöchi was a Mongol prince, the eldest of Genghis Khan’s four sons and, until the final years of his life, a participant in his father’s military campaigns. Jöchi, like his brothers, received his own ulus (vassal kingdom to command), a yurt (a domain for his ulus), and an inju (personal domains to

Jōchō was a great Japanese Buddhist sculptor who developed and perfected so-called kiyosehō, or joined-wood techniques. The son (or pupil) of a famous sculptor, Kōshō, Jōchō chiefly worked for Fujiwara Michinaga, de facto ruler of Japan at that time, and his clan. In 1022 he was awarded the

Bavarian Radio Symphony Orchestra: …Bavarian state radio station, conductor Eugen Jochum organized the performing group in 1949, trained it to become a major orchestra, and took it to perform at the prestigious Edinburgh International Festival in 1957. Jochum continued to conduct the orchestra until 1960. In 1961 Raphael Kubelik became the orchestra’s second chief…

Matthías Jochumsson was an Icelandic poet, translator, journalist, dramatist, and editor whose versatility, intellectual integrity, and rich humanity established him as a national figure. The son of a poor farmer, Jochumsson at age 30 was ordained by the Lutheran theological college in Reykjavík

Young Christian Workers, Roman Catholic movement begun in Belgium in 1912 by Father (later Cardinal) Joseph Cardijn; it attempts to train workers to evangelize and to help them adjust to the work atmosphere in offices and factories. Organized on a national basis in 1925, Cardijn’s groups were

horse racing: Open field racing: …identified riders (in England called jockeys—if professional—from the second half of the 17th century and later in French racing), but their names were not at first officially recorded. Only the names of winning trainers and riders were at first recorded in the Racing Calendar, but by the late 1850s all…

jockey club, organization involved with or regulating horse-racing activities, often on a national level. The Jockey Club of Britain is the oldest such club. It reigned as the supreme authority in control of horse racing and breeding in Britain from 1750 until 2006, when regulatory power shifted to

horse racing: Jockey clubs and racing authorities: The (North American) Jockey Club, founded in 1894 in New York, at one time exercised wide but not complete control of American racing. It maintains The American Stud Book.

jockey club: …conference is hosted by the Jockey-Club de Paris. Founded in 1834, the club became famous as the meeting place of France’s cultural elite. It also hosts Europe’s premier race for three-year-old Thoroughbreds, the Prix du Jockey Club. Inaugurated in 1836 and held annually in June, the race is often called…

jockey club: The Jockey Club of Britain is the oldest such club. It reigned as the supreme authority in control of horse racing and breeding in Britain from 1750 until 2006, when regulatory power shifted to the Horseracing Regulatory Authority; it transferred to the British Horseracing Association in…

Nags Head: …sandy spit, notably at adjacent Jockey’s Ridge State Park; the park’s rolling sands and dunes, which reach some 135 feet (40 metres) or more above the sea, are the highest sand dunes on the East Coast and attract sand skiers and hang gliders. Kill Devil Hills, between Nags Head and…

For seven years beginning in the mid-1950s, Douglas (“Jocko”) Henderson commuted daily between Philadelphia, where he broadcast on WDAS, and New York City, where his two-hour late-evening Rocket Ship Show on WLIB was a particularly wild ride. “Hey, mommio, hey, daddio,” he announced, “this is your

Mariska Hargitay: TV roles: …movies Welcome to 18 and Jocks (both 1986), but she found her true calling as a television actor when she was cast in a lead role in the short-lived series Downtown (1986–87), about a group of crime-solving parolees. In 1988 she played guest roles in the series In the Heat…

Mona Lisa, oil painting on a poplar wood panel by Leonardo da Vinci, probably the world’s most famous painting. It was painted sometime between 1503 and 1519, when Leonardo was living in Florence, and it now hangs in the Louvre Museum, Paris, where it has remained an object of pilgrimage in the

Spanish literature: Poetry: …the academy in Toulouse with jocs florals (“floral games,” or poetry congresses), including literary competitions. This royal encouragement continued under Martin I and Ferdinand I and helped to emancipate the literary style from foreign influences. As the century advanced, Valencia emerged as a new focus of literary activity: a school…

dance: From amateur to professional: …for many centuries restricted to joculators, wandering bands of jugglers, dancers, poets, and musicians, who were generally regarded as social inferiors. The early ballets were performed almost exclusively by amateur dancers at court (though instructed by professional dancing masters) for whom dance was a means of demonstrating their own grace,…

Asghar Farhadi: …Jodāi-e Nāder az Simin (2011; A Separation) and Forushande (2016; The Salesman), both of which won an Academy Award for best foreign-language film.

Fujiwara Yukinari: …the style of writing called jōdai-yō (“ancient style”).

Missy Elliott: …break came in 1991 when Jodeci band member DeVante Swing signed Elliott’s group, Sista, to his Swing Mob Records label. Lack of funds prevented the release of Sista’s debut album, however, and the group subsequently broke up. Elliott teamed up with childhood friend Timbaland to cowrite and coproduce songs for…

Étienne Jodelle was a French dramatist and poet, one of the seven members of the literary circle known as La Pléiade, who applied the aesthetic principles of the group to drama. Jodelle aimed at creating a classical drama that in every respect would be different from the moralities and mysteries

Jodhpur: History: …was founded in 1459 by Rao Jodha, a Rajput (one of the warrior rulers of the historical region of Rajputana), and served as the capital of the princely state of Jodhpur. The princely state had been founded about 1212, reached the zenith of its power under the ruler Rao Maldeo…

Ashutosh Gowariker: Swades and Jodhaa Akbar: …he released the epic romance Jodhaa Akbar, set in the 16th century and starring Hrithik Roshan and Aishwarya Rai Bachchanas the titular characters—Mughal emperor Akbar and his Rajput bride Jodhaabai. The film was both a critical and commercial success.

Jodhpur, city, central Rajasthan state, northwestern India. It is situated just northwest of the Luni River on a sterile tract of land covered with high sand hills. The region is sometimes referred to as Marwar (derived from maru-war [“region of death”] because of the area’s harsh desert

Alfred Jodl was a German general who, as head of the armed forces operations staff, helped plan and conduct most of Germany’s military campaigns during World War II. Primarily a staff officer during and after World War I, Jodl served as head of the department of national defense in the war ministry

Jōdo, (Japanese: Way to the Pure Land), devotional sect of Japanese Buddhism stressing faith in the Buddha Amida and heavenly reward. See Pure Land

Shin, (Japanese: “True Pure Land sect”), the largest of the popular Japanese Buddhist Pure Land sects. See Pure Land

Jōdo, (Japanese: Way to the Pure Land), devotional sect of Japanese Buddhism stressing faith in the Buddha Amida and heavenly reward. See Pure Land

Jobst was a margrave of Moravia and Brandenburg and for 15 weeks the German king (1410–11), who, by his political and military machinations in east-central Europe, played a powerful role in the political life of Germany. A member of the Luxembourg dynasty, Jobst was a nephew of the Holy Roman

Justus of Ghent was a Netherlandish painter who has been identified with Joos van Wassenhove, a master of the painters’ guild at Antwerp in 1460 and at Ghent in 1464. In Justus’s earliest known painting, the Crucifixion triptych (c. 1465), the attenuated, angular figures and the barren landscape

Canadian Labour Congress: Its first elected president, Claude Jodoin, came from the TLC. Officials of the CLC were then instrumental in forming the New Democratic Party in 1961.

Alejandro Jodorowsky is a Chilean-born French filmmaker and author known for his surrealistic films, especially El Topo (1970) and The Holy Mountain (1973). Jodorowsky’s parents were Ukrainian Jewish immigrants. When he was eight years old, the family moved from Tocopilla to Santiago. He enrolled

Jodrell Bank Observatory, location of one of the world’s largest fully steerable radio telescopes, which has a reflector that measures 76 metres (250 feet) in diameter. The telescope is located with other smaller radio telescopes at Jodrellbank (formerly Jodrell Bank), about 32 kilometres (20

Jodrell Bank Observatory, location of one of the world’s largest fully steerable radio telescopes, which has a reflector that measures 76 metres (250 feet) in diameter. The telescope is located with other smaller radio telescopes at Jodrellbank (formerly Jodrell Bank), about 32 kilometres (20

John G. Avildsen: …attention with the low-budget drama Joe (1970); it starred Peter Boyle as a virulent racist who reacts violently to the hippie counterculture that seems to be hemming him in. Joe captured the country’s polarized mood and became a surprise hit, but neither the low-budget Cry Uncle! (1971), starring Allen Garfield…

Nicolas Cage: His atypically subdued work in Joe (2013), in which he played a former criminal who takes a protective interest in one of his young employees, was widely acclaimed. Cage then assumed the role of an airline pilot in Left Behind (2014), an adaptation of the first book (1995) of Tim…

shōzoku: Less formal are the jōe, a robe of white silk, and the varicoloured kariginu (which means “hunting garment,” attesting to the use made of it during the Heian period). Laypersons, too, may wear these garments during visits to shrines or participation in religious ceremonies.

Helmut Jahn: The Mansueto Library (2011) that he designed for the University of Chicago campus gave further evidence of his melding of design and engineering. The elliptical tear-shaped glass-and-steel structure provided a light-filled reading room that disguised several stories of underground book storage and a state-of-the-art robotic book-retrieval…

Mark Wahlberg: …from 2020 included the biopic Joe Bell, in which he played a father who, after his bullied gay son died by suicide, undertakes a walk across the United States. In the sc-fi thriller Infinite (2021), Wahlberg was cast as a schizophrenic who discovers that his hallucinations are memories of past…

Joe Montana is an American football player who was one of the greatest quarterbacks in the history of the National Football League (NFL). Montana led the San Francisco 49ers to four Super Bowl victories (1982, 1985, 1989, 1990) and was named the Super Bowl’s Most Valuable Player (MVP) three times.

Stanley Tucci: Work from the 2000s and personal life: …in and directing the film Joe Gould’s Secret (2000), based on The New Yorker’s feature writer Joseph Mitchell’s 1965 book of the same name. The film illustrates the peculiar figures living in early 20th-century Greenwich Village, New York, by focusing on a man who is writing an oral history of…

John Sturges: Later films: In 1972 Sturges directed Joe Kidd, which was arguably his best film since The Great Escape. The violent western, with a strong Elmore Leonard screenplay, starred Clint Eastwood as a former bounty hunter who agrees to help a landowner (Robert Duvall) track down the man leading a peasant revolt.…

Joe Masseria was a leading crime boss of New York City from the early 1920s until his murder in 1931. Emigrating from Sicily at age 16, Masseria associated with a band of Italian killers and Black Hand extortionists and committed burglaries and other petty crimes, but in 1920 he began to create the

Joe Turner’s Come and Gone, play in two acts by August Wilson, performed in 1986 and published in 1988. Set in 1911, it is the third in Wilson’s projected series of plays depicting African American life in each decade of the 20th century. The play is set in a Pittsburgh boardinghouse whose

Tom Hanks: …Ryan in the romantic comedy Joe Versus the Volcano (1990), Hanks reteamed with her in Sleepless in Seattle (1993) and You’ve Got Mail (1998), both directed by Nora Ephron. He portrayed the drunken manager of a women’s baseball team in the comedy A League of Their Own (1992) and delivered…

nuclear weapon: Atomic weapons: …(known in the West as Joe-1) with a yield of approximately 20 kilotons. A direct copy of the Fat Man bomb tested at Trinity and dropped on Nagasaki, Joe-1 was based on plans supplied by Fuchs and by Theodore A. Hall, the latter a second key spy at Los Alamos…

nuclear weapon: Thermonuclear weapons: Known in the West as Joe-19 and RDS-37 in the Soviet Union, the thermonuclear bomb was dropped from a bomber at the Semipalatinsk (now Semey, Kazakhstan) test site. As recounted by Sakharov, this test “crowned years of effort [and] opened the way for a whole range of devices with remarkable…

nuclear weapon: Thermonuclear weapons: …known in the West as Joe-4 and in the Soviet Union as RDS-6, was detonated on August 12, 1953, with a yield of 400 kilotons. Significantly, it was a deliverable thermonuclear bomb—a milestone that the United States would not reach until May 20, 1956—and also the first use of solid…

Jōei Shikimoku, (1232), in Japanese history, administrative code of the Kamakura shogunate (central military government) by which it pledged just and impartial administration of law to its vassal subjects. The shikimoku, or formulary (called Jōei because of its promulgation during the year so

Jōei Shikimoku, (1232), in Japanese history, administrative code of the Kamakura shogunate (central military government) by which it pledged just and impartial administration of law to its vassal subjects. The shikimoku, or formulary (called Jōei because of its promulgation during the year so

biblical literature: Joel: The Book of Joel, the second of the Twelve (Minor) Prophets, is a short work of only three chapters. The dates of Joel (whose name means “Yahweh is God”) are difficult to ascertain. Some scholars believe that the work comes from the Persian period…

Billy Joel is an American singer, pianist, and songwriter in the pop ballad tradition whose numerous hit songs in the 1970s and ’80s made him an enduring favorite on the concert circuit. Although he stopped releasing albums of new pop music in the 1990s, he continued to be a major concert draw and

Book of Joel, second of 12 Old Testament books that bear the names of the Minor Prophets. The Jewish canon lumps all together as The Twelve and divides Joel into four chapters; Christian versions combine chapters 2 and 3. The book relates nothing about Joel except his name and that of his father.

Billy Joel is an American singer, pianist, and songwriter in the pop ballad tradition whose numerous hit songs in the 1970s and ’80s made him an enduring favorite on the concert circuit. Although he stopped releasing albums of new pop music in the 1990s, he continued to be a major concert draw and

Rembert Dodoens was a Flemish physician and botanist whose Stirpium historiae pemptades sex sive libri XXX (1583) is considered one of the foremost botanical works of the late 16th century. Dodoens received a medical degree from the Catholic University of Leuven (Louvain) in 1535 and composed works

Faroese literature: Development during the 20th century: …Brú (Hans Jakob Jacobsen), and Martin Joensen—wrote in Faroese. The works of Matras reveal a profound lyric poet seeking to interpret the essence of Faroese culture. A fine stylist, Brú did much to create a Faroese literary prose in his portrayals of village life in a time of transition (e.g.,…

Joensuu, city, southeastern Finland, at the mouth of the Pielis River, southeast of Kuopio. Chartered in 1848, the city is a rail junction and centre for lumber shipment and has connections by steamship, highway, and air. Local industry includes plywood and lumber mills. The University of Joensuu

Joe Paterno was an American collegiate gridiron football coach, who, as head coach at Pennsylvania State University (1966–2011), was the winningest major-college coach in the history of the sport, with 409 career victories, but whose accomplishments were in many ways overshadowed by a sex-abuse

Jōetsu, city, southwestern Niigata ken (prefecture), Honshu, Japan. It lies on the lower reaches and mouth of the Ara River on the Sea of Japan (East Sea). The city was formed for reasons of industrial planning by the amalgamation of Naoetsu and Takada. Takada was a castle town that prospered as a

clown: Grimaldi’s clown, affectionately called “Joey,” specialized in the classic physical tricks, tumbling, pratfalls, and slapstick beatings. In the 1860s a low-comedy buffoon appeared under the name of Auguste, who had a big nose, baggy clothes, large shoes, and untidy manners. He worked with a whiteface clown and always spoiled…

kangaroo: Reproduction and development: The young kangaroo (“joey”) is born at a very immature stage, when it is only about 2 cm (1 inch) long and weighs less than a gram (0.04 ounce). Immediately after birth, it uses its already clawed and well-developed forelimbs to crawl up the mother’s body and enter…

Friends: Joey (2004–06), a spin-off starring LeBlanc, was much less successful. The Friends theme song, “I’ll Be There for You,” performed by the Rembrandts, was a minor pop hit in its own right. In 2021 the cast returned for Friends: The Reunion, a TV special in…

Anne Sexton: …including Eggs of Things (1963), Joey and the Birthday Present (1971), and The Wizard’s Tears (1975).

A pioneer of the brash, no-holds-barred style that came to dominate morning shows on rock radio in the 1990s, Joey Reynolds began working as a deejay at small stations in 1960. In 1963 he returned to his hometown of Buffalo, New York, where he worked at WKBW, the powerhouse station whose signal

Sun-Joffe Manifesto: …revolutionary leader Sun Yat-sen and Adolf Joffe, representative of the Soviet Foreign Ministry, which provided the basis for cooperation between the Soviet Union and Sun’s Kuomintang, or Nationalist, Party.

Rei Kawakubo: …the guidance of CDG’s CEO, Adrian Joffe (also Kawakubo’s husband and translator), Kawakubo skillfully penetrated the fashion market in numerous ways. In 1994 she released the first in what became a vast line of CDG fragrances. One of the more unconventional fragrances was Odeur 53, labeled an “abstract anti-perfume” that…

Joseph-Jacques-Césaire Joffre was the commander in chief (1914–16) of the French armies on the Western Front in World War I, who won fame as “the Victor of the Marne.” After graduating from the École Polytechnique, he took part as a subaltern in the siege of Paris (1870–71) and later served in

Canadian Rockies: Others include Mount Joffre (the first glacier-hung peak north of the U.S. border), Mount Assiniboine (the “Matterhorn of the Rockies”), Mount Columbia (12,294 feet [3,747 metres]; Alberta’s highest point), and Mount Forbes. Spectacular alpine scenery is found in Banff, Jasper, and Waterton lakes national parks on the…

Joffrey Ballet, American ballet company, founded in 1956 by Robert Joffrey as a traveling company of six dancers affiliated with his school, the American Ballet Center. Following six U.S. tours, the troupe took tours in the Middle East and Southeast Asia (1962–63) and in the Soviet Union and United

Joffrey Ballet, American ballet company, founded in 1956 by Robert Joffrey as a traveling company of six dancers affiliated with his school, the American Ballet Center. Following six U.S. tours, the troupe took tours in the Middle East and Southeast Asia (1962–63) and in the Soviet Union and United

Robert Joffrey was an American dancer, choreographer, and director, founder of the Joffrey Ballet (1956). Joffrey’s father was an immigrant from Afghanistan, and his mother was Italian-born. He began studying tap dancing but soon turned to ballet with Mary Ann Wells, at whose school in Seattle he

Eder Jofre was a Brazilian professional boxer, world bantamweight and featherweight champion. (Read Gene Tunney’s 1929 Britannica essay on boxing.) Jofre’s family owned a boxing gym in São Paulo, Brazil, and he began a career as an amateur fighter at an early age. He embarked on his professional

Jog Falls, cataract of the Sharavati River, western Karnataka state, southwestern India. The Jog Falls are located 18 miles (29 km) upstream from Honavar at the river’s mouth on the Arabian Sea. As it plunges 830 feet (253 metres) into a chasm, the river splits into four cascades known as the Raja,

V.G. Jog was an Indian violinist who is credited with introducing the violin into the Hindustani classical music tradition. Jog’s music education began when he was 12 years old. He trained under several noted musicians, including musicologist S.N. Ratanjanker and the sarod player Allauddin Khan,

V.G. Jog was an Indian violinist who is credited with introducing the violin into the Hindustani classical music tradition. Jog’s music education began when he was 12 years old. He trained under several noted musicians, including musicologist S.N. Ratanjanker and the sarod player Allauddin Khan,

Miura: Jōga Island, in Aburatsubo Bay, is linked to the mainland at Miura by a large bridge. The island and bay, together with Keikyu Aburatsubo Marine Park and local beaches, help make Miura a popular tourist and recreational centre. The city also serves as a residential…

Władysław II Jagiełło was the grand duke of Lithuania (as Jogaila, 1377–1401) and king of Poland (1386–1434), who joined two states that became the leading power of eastern Europe. He was the founder of Poland’s Jagiellon dynasty. Jogaila (Jagiełło in Polish) was one of the 12 sons of Algirdas

Jōgan style, Japanese sculptural style of the Early Heian period (794–897). Works of Buddhist sculpture are the most numerous monuments of the period. The figures are columnar icons, erect, symmetrical, and perfectly balanced, carved from single blocks of wood and displaying a keen sense of

jogging, form of running at an easy pace, particularly popular from the 1960s in the United States. There, an estimated 7,000,000 to 10,000,000 joggers sought fitness, weight loss, grace, physical fulfillment, and relief from stress by jogging. Joggers expend from 10 to 13 calories per minute in

Nova Scotia: Relief, drainage, and soils: In 2008 the Joggins Fossil Cliffs, which hold numerous fossils from the Carboniferous Period, were designated a UNESCO World Heritage site.

Yogyakarta, kotamadya (municipality) and capital, Yogyakarta daerah istimewa (special district), Java, Indonesia. It lies 18 miles (29 km) inland from the southern Java coast and near Mount Merapi (9,551 feet [2,911 metres]). In the 7th century the locality formed part of the Buddhist kingdom of

jongleur, professional storyteller or public entertainer in medieval France, often indistinguishable from the trouvère. The role of the jongleur included that of musician, juggler, and acrobat, as well as reciter of such literary works as the fabliaux, chansons de geste, lays, and other metrical

St. Isaac Jogues ; canonized 1930; feast day October 19) was a French-born Jesuit priest who was martyred while serving as a missionary in New France to the Native Americans there. He is venerated as a patron saint of North America. Jogues entered the Society of Jesus at Rouen, France, in 1624 and

Johanan ben Zakkai was a Palestinian Jewish sage, founder of an academy and an authoritative rabbinic body at Jamnia. He had a decisive influence on the continuance and development of traditional Judaism after the destruction of the Temple (ad 70). As is the case with all the Talmudic teachers (the

John was an elector of Saxony and a fervent supporter of Martin Luther; he took a leading part in forming alliances among Germany’s Protestant princes against the Habsburg emperors’ attempts at forced reconversion. After his father’s death in 1486, John ruled the lands of the Ernestine branch of

John Frederick was the last elector of the Ernestine branch of the Saxon House of Wettin and leader of the Protestant Schmalkaldic League. His wars against the Holy Roman emperor Charles V and his fellow princes caused him to lose both the electoral rank and much of his territory. The elder son of