Java stingaree, (Urolophus javanicus), species of stingray of the family Urolophidae, the first marine fish declared extinct due to human activity. It is known to scientists through a single specimen collected in 1862 at a Jakarta fish market by German naturalist Eduard von Martens. It is assumed

Java Trench, deep submarine depression in the eastern Indian Ocean that extends some 2,000 miles (3,200 km) in a northwest-southeast arc along the southwestern and southern Indonesian archipelago. It is located about 190 miles (305 km) off the southwestern coasts of the islands of Sumatra and Java,

Java: …interpreted by software called the Java Runtime Environment (JRE), or the Java virtual machine. The JRE acts as a virtual computer that interprets Bytecode and translates it for the host computer. Because of this, Java code can be written the same way for many platforms (“write once, run anywhere”), which…

history of Southeast Asia: Crisis and response: …it was only the devastating Java War (1825–30) that finally tamed the Javanese elite and, oddly enough, left the Dutch to determine the final shape of Javanese culture until the mid-20th century.

Christo and Jeanne-Claude: Early life: Christo attended the Fine Arts Academy in Sofia, Bulgaria, and had begun working with the Burian Theatre in Prague when the Hungarian Revolution of 1956 broke out. He fled to Vienna, where he studied for a semester, and then, after a brief stay in Switzerland,…

Georgian literature: The 20th century: …and ’30s the prose writer Mikheil Javakhishvili—who, having been sentenced to death by Soviet authorities but later released, went on to become a great writer—produced inventive and captivating prose that often tells the story of a sympathetic doomed rogue, as in the novels Kvachi Kvachantiradze da misi tavgadasavali (1924; “Kvachi…

South Asian arts: South India: Pada and javali are two kinds of love songs using the poetic imagery characteristic of the romantic-devotional movement mentioned earlier. Tillana has a text composed mostly of meaningless syllables, which may include the onomatopoeic syllables used to represent the different drum sounds. This is a very rhythmic…

seed: Dispersal by wind: …[6 inches] long) of the Javan cucumber (Alsomitra macrocarpa), a tropical climber.

badger: everetti), and Javan (M. orientalis). They live in grasslands and forests from northeast India to central China and Southeast Asia where they consume mostly insects, worms, small birds, rodents, and wild fruits. They are brownish to blackish gray, with white markings on the face, throat, and sometimes…

leopard: Conservation status: pardus nimr), and Javan leopard (P. pardus melas) continued to decrease, with several of these subspecies declining to critical levels.

mongoose: Natural history: Some species, mainly the Javan mongoose (Herpestes javanicus) but also the Indian gray mongoose, were introduced to numerous islands, including Mafia Island (off the coast of East Africa), Mauritius, and those of Croatia, Hawaii, and Fiji. Originally intended to help control rodents

Javan rhinoceros, (Rhinoceros sondaicus), one of three Asian species of rhinoceroses, found only on the island of Java in Indonesia. It is the rarest living rhinoceros and one of the world’s most endangered mammals. The species is restricted to Ujung Kulon National Park, a protected area on a small

loris: The organization lists the Javan slow loris (N. javanicus) and the Bangka slow loris (N. bancanus) as critically endangered species.

spitting cobra: Species, range, and conservation status:

tiger: Tigers and humans: …virgata) of central Asia, the Javan (P. tigris sondaica), and the Bali (P. tigris balica). Because the tiger is so closely related to the lion, the two species can be crossbred in captivity. The offspring of such matings are called tigons when the male father (sire) is a tiger and…

laser: History: In December 1960 Ali Javan, William Bennett, Jr., and Donald Herriott at Bell Labs built the first gas laser, which generated a continuous infrared beam from a mixture of helium and neon. In 1962 Robert N. Hall and coworkers at the General Electric Research and Development Center in…

Javanese, largest ethnic group in Indonesia, concentrated on the island of Java and numbering about 85 million in the early 21st century. The Javanese language belongs to the Austronesian (Malayo-Polynesian) family. Islam is the predominant religion, though Hindu traditions of an earlier era are

Javanese language, member of the Western, or Indonesian, branch of the Austronesian (Malayo-Polynesian) language family, spoken as a native language by more than 68 million persons living primarily on the island of Java. The largest of the Austronesian languages in number of speakers, Javanese has

Southeast Asian arts: Malaysia and Indonesia: …region in the 14th century, Javanese had been the language of culture; afterward, during the Islamic period, Malay became the most important language—and still more so under later Dutch colonial rule so that, logically, it was recognized in 1949 as the official Indonesian language by the newly independent Republic of…

peacock: …and Sri Lanka, and the green, or Javanese, peacock (P. muticus), found from Myanmar (Burma) to Java. The Congo peacock (Afropavo congensis), which inhabits the forested interior of the Democratic Republic of the Congo, was discovered in 1936 after a search that began in 1913 with the finding of a…

Richard Teschner: …the artistic potentialities of the Javanese rod puppet for western puppet theatre.

Gustaaf Willem, baron van Imhoff: …brother, thus touching off the Third Javanese War of Succession (1749–57), which left Mataram split into two kingdoms. In Bantam, another kingdom of Java, van Imhoff lent his support to the unpopular faction of a dynastic dispute, bringing on a popular uprising. The rebels were seeking English help when van…

Solo man, prehistoric human known from 11 fossil skulls (without facial skeletons) and 2 leg-bone fragments that were recovered from terraces of the Solo River at Ngandong, Java, in 1931–32. Cranial capacity (1,150–1,300 cubic centimetres) overlaps that of modern man (average 1,350 cu cm). The

Javari River, river that rises on the border between Amazonas state, Brazil, and Loreto department, Peru. It flows northeast for 540 miles (870 km) to join the Amazon River near the Brazilian outpost of Benjamin Constant. The river follows a winding course through unbroken tropical rain forest in

Javari River, river that rises on the border between Amazonas state, Brazil, and Loreto department, Peru. It flows northeast for 540 miles (870 km) to join the Amazon River near the Brazilian outpost of Benjamin Constant. The river follows a winding course through unbroken tropical rain forest in

JavaScript, computer programming language that is a mainstay of web development, enabling the creation of complex features and interactivity in websites and web applications, as well as other use cases. JavaScript is a scripting language, meaning that its code is interpreted (i.e., translated into

military technology: The javelin: Javelins, or throwing spears, were shorter and lighter than spears designed for shock combat and had smaller heads. The distinction between javelin and spear was slow to develop, but by classical times the heavy spear was clearly distinguished from the javelin, and specialized javelin…

peccary, (family Tayassuidae), any of the three species of piglike mammal found in the southern deserts of the United States southward through the Amazon basin to Patagonian South America (see Patagonia). Closely resembling the wild pig (see boar), the peccary has dark coarse hair and a large head

javelin throw, athletics (track-and-field) sport of throwing a spear for distance, included in the ancient Greek Olympic Games as one of five events of the pentathlon competition. The javelin that is used in modern international men’s competition is a spear of wood or metal with a sharp metal

peccary, (family Tayassuidae), any of the three species of piglike mammal found in the southern deserts of the United States southward through the Amazon basin to Patagonian South America (see Patagonia). Closely resembling the wild pig (see boar), the peccary has dark coarse hair and a large head

Boris Johnson: Ascent to prime minister: …Jeremy Hunt, Michael Gove, and Sajid Javid, the home secretary. After Gove and Javid fell by the wayside in subsequent votes, Johnson and Hunt stood as the final candidates in an election in which all of the party’s nearly 160,000 members were eligible to vote. Some 87 percent of those…

Muhammad Iqbal: Early life and career: Jāvīd-nāmeh (1932; “The Song of Eternity”) is considered Iqbal’s masterpiece. Its theme, reminiscent of Dante’s Divine Comedy, is the ascent of the poet, guided by the great 13th-century Persian mystic Rūmī, through all the realms of thought and experience to the final encounter.

St. Francis Xavier ; canonized March 12, 1622; feast day December 3) was the greatest Roman Catholic missionary of modern times. He was instrumental in the establishment of Christianity in many parts of Asia and evangelized extensively in India, the Malay Archipelago, and Japan. In Paris in 1534 he

property law: Landlord and tenant: Javins v. First Nat’l Realty Co. (1970), for example, requires that every residential lease have within it an unwaivable warranty of habitability, requiring the landlord to maintain the premises up to the standard of the local housing code. If the landlord does not maintain the…

Bohemian Forest: …rises to the summits of Grosser Arber (Javor; 4,777 feet [1,456 m]) on the Bavarian (western) side and Plechý (Plöckenstein; 4,521 feet [1,378 m]) on the Czech (eastern) side. The Šumava is the source for the Vltava (German: Moldau) River, which cuts a broad trough through part of the region…

Javorníky, mountain range on the western fringe of the Carpathian Mountains that forms the northern segment of the boundary between Moravia (Czech Republic) and Slovakia. The ridge of the Javorníky peaks—the highest, at 3,514 feet (1,071 metres), is Velký Javorník, overlooking the village of Velké

French Guiana: History: …at Mana (1827–46) founded by Anne-Marie Javouhey, mother superior of the community of St. Joseph of Cluny. With Father Francis Libermann, she established one of the earliest educational systems for the freed black slaves and women, in the spirit of French Roman Catholic humanism.

Mongolia: Revival of Buddhism: …in 1640 with the title Javzandamba khutagt and proclaimed Öndör Geegen (“High Enlightened One”) or Bogd Geegen (“Holy Enlightened One”). The significance of this is underlined by the fact that, as soon as the Manchu controlled Mongolia, they ruled that no man of the lineage of Genghis Khan could be…

jaw, either of a pair of bones that form the framework of the mouth of vertebrate animals, usually containing teeth and including a movable lower jaw (mandible) and fixed upper jaw (maxilla). Jaws function by moving in opposition to each other and are used for biting, chewing, and the handling of

jew’s harp, musical instrument consisting of a thin wood or metal tongue fixed at one end to the base of a two-pronged frame. The player holds the frame to his mouth, which forms a resonance cavity, and activates the instrument’s tongue by either plucking it with the fingers or jerking a string

Java, island of Indonesia lying southeast of Malaysia and Sumatra, south of Borneo (Kalimantan), and west of Bali. Java is home to roughly half of Indonesia’s population and dominates the country politically and economically. The capital of Java and of the country is Jakarta (formerly Batavia),

West Java, propinsi (or provinsi; province), western Java, Indonesia. It is bounded by the province of Central Java (Jawa Tengah) to the east, the Indian Ocean to the south, the province of Banten to the west, the special capital district of Jakarta to the northwest, and the Java Sea to the north.

dam: The Middle East: The Jawa Dam was built in the 4th millennium bce to hold back the waters of a small stream and allow increased irrigation production on arable land downstream. Evidence exists of another masonry-faced earthen dam built about 2700 bce at Sadd el-Kafara, about 30 km (19…

Central Java, propinsi (or provinsi; province), central Java, Indonesia. It is bounded by West Java (Jawa Barat) province to the west, the Java Sea to the north, East Java (Jawa Timur) province to the east, the Indian Ocean to the south, and Yogyakarta daerah istimewa (special district) to the

East Java, propinsi (or provinsi; province), eastern Java, Indonesia. It is bounded by the province of Central Java (Jawa Tengah) to the west, the Java Sea to the north, the Indian Ocean to the south, and the Bali Strait to the east. It includes numerous surrounding islands, most notably Madura,

Java Sea, portion of the western Pacific Ocean between the islands of Java and Borneo. It is bordered by Borneo (Kalimantan) on the north, the southern end of Makassar Strait on the northeast, Celebes and the Flores and Bali seas on the east, Java on the south, the Sunda Straits to the Indian Ocean

Taj Mahal: History of construction: …the complex—main gateway, garden, mosque, jawāb (literally “answer”; a building mirroring the mosque), and mausoleum (including its four minarets)—were conceived and designed as a unified entity according to the tenets of Mughal building practice, which allowed no subsequent addition or alteration. Building commenced about 1632. More than 20,000 workers were…

Muhammad Iqbal: Early life and career: …this period, Shikwah (“The Complaint”), Jawāb-e shikwah (“The Answer to the Complaint”), and Khizr-e rāh (“Khizr, the Guide”), were published later in 1924 in the Urdu collection Bāng-e darā (“The Call of the Bell”). In those works Iqbal gave intense expression to the anguish of Muslim powerlessness. Khizr (Arabic: Khiḍr),…

Jawadhu Hills, range of hills, one of the larger of the Eastern Ghats, in northern Tamil Nadu state, southeastern India. About 50 miles (80 km) wide and 20 miles (32 km) long, they are bisected into eastern and western sections by the Cheyyar and Agaram rivers, tributaries of the Palar River. They

Charles Correa: …in Pune, Maharashtra; and the Jawahar Kala Kendra arts complex (1986–92) in Jaipur, Rajasthan. From 1985 to 1988 he served as chairman of India’s National Commission on Urbanisation, and from 1999 he served as a consulting architect to the government of Goa.

Jammu and Kashmir: Transportation and communications: …included was construction of the Jawahar Tunnel, which at the time of its completion in 1959 was one of the longest in Asia. That road, however, is often made impassable by severe weather, which causes shortages of essential commodities in the vale. A road also connects Srinagar with Kargil and…

Belagavi: …science, education, law, and medicine—including Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College—affiliated with Karnatak University in Hubballi-Dharwad, which lies to the southeast. Pop. (2001) city, 399,653; urban agglom., 506,480; (2011) city, 488,157; urban agglom., 610,350.

Deepika Padukone: Model, actress, and producer: …expressed solidarity with students at Jawaharlal Nehru University (JNU) by joining their protest against a mob attack on students on the campus. Some called Padukone’s presence during the protest vigil a stunt to promote her upcoming movie Chhapaak (an onomatopoeic Hindi word for “splash”). A call to boycott Padukone’s film…

Bollywood: The future of Bollywood: …in 2023 with the blockbusters Jawan, Pathaan, Gadar 2, and Animal, but shrinking profits remain a concern for the Hindi industry.

Sir Dawda Kairaba Jawara was a politician and veterinarian who was The Gambia’s prime minister from 1962 to 1970 and its president from 1970 until he was overthrown in 1994. The son of a Mande trader, Jawara was educated at a Methodist boys’ school, studied veterinary medicine at the University of

Hosain Rahman: …of the wearable technology company Aliph (also known as Jawbone).

percussion instrument: The Americas: The jawbone of a horse, mule, or donkey, with its teeth left in, is played throughout the Americas; its use among coastal Peruvians of African descent goes back to the 18th century. In the United States it has been used in Louisiana and the Carolinas.

Marilyn Manson: Acting career: …role in the dark comedy Jawbreaker (1999), playing a minor part as a stranger who has a one-night stand with the character played by Rose McGowan, Manson’s then-girlfriend. He later made cameos and filled minor roles in other films, frequently playing roles that aligned with his dark, gothic persona. In…

Al-Jawf, oasis region, western Yemen. It is bordered by the far-southwest extension of the Rubʿ al-Khali, the great sandy desert of the Arabian Peninsula. The Wadi Al-Jawf, an intermittent stream with headwaters in the mountains of the Yemen Highlands, crosses the area; its western and southern

Al-Jawf, town and oasis, northern Saudi Arabia. It lies at the northern edge of the Al-Nafūd desert near the source of the Wadi Al-Sirḥān. Formerly considered a part of the Jabal Shammar region, the oasis now lies within the northern reaches of the Hejaz. The town is strategically located on an

Al-Jawf: The Wadi Al-Jawf, an intermittent stream with headwaters in the mountains of the Yemen Highlands, crosses the area; its western and southern branches are small perennial streams.

perciform: Annotated classification: Family Opistognathidae (jawfishes) Resemble Clinidae, but jaws large to huge, extending far past eye; dorsal fin long-based; spinous and soft portions continuous; anal fin long-based; body usually elongated, slender; eyes almost at anterior tip of head; pelvic fins below pectorals. About 78 species, mostly small, in shallow…

al-Muʿizz: …958–959 he sent his general Jawhar westward to reduce Fès and other places where the authority of the Fāṭimid caliph had been repudiated; after a successful expedition Jawhar advanced to the Atlantic.

Khorram-dīnān: …to possess the soul of Jawizān ibn Sahl, a former leader of the Khorram-dīnān. In 816 Bābak, believing that he had a divinely inspired mission to right all the wrongs of the temporal world, led the Khorram-dīnān in open rebellion against the ʿAbbāsid caliphs that ruled from Baghdad. The rebellion…

Arabian Desert: Physiography: …south, where the plateau of Al-Jawl (Jol) is located. The Ṭuwayq Mountains are the most prominent of the cuestas.

Golan Heights, hilly area overlooking the upper Jordan River valley on the west. The area was part of extreme southwestern Syria until 1967, when it came under Israeli military occupation, and in December 1981 Israel unilaterally annexed the part of the Golan it held. In 2019 the United States

Ahmed al-Sharaa is the president (2025– ) of Syria’s interim government, having commanded the Syrian Civil War rebel forces that toppled Bashar al-Assad’s regime in December 2024. He was previously notorious as the leader of Hayat Tahrir al-Sham, which was first formed as an affiliate of al-Qaeda,

Alexey von Jawlensky was a Russian painter noted for his Expressionistic portraits and the mystical tone of his late paintings of abstract faces. In 1889 Jawlensky gave up an established career in the Russian Imperial Guard to study painting under the Russian historical painter Ilya Repin. In 1896,

agnathan, (superclass Agnatha), any of approximately 160 living species that make up the group of primitive jawless fishes that includes the lampreys (order Petromyzoniformes) and hagfishes (order Myxiniformes), as well as several extinct groups. Hagfishes are minor pests of commercial food

Leon Jaworski was an American lawyer who rose to national prominence on Nov. 5, 1973, when he was sworn in as Watergate special prosecutor and made constitutional history when he convinced the U.S. Supreme Court that President Richard M. Nixon was bound to obey a subpoena and turn over 64 White

Monday Night Football: Part of the American fabric: …Madden, Joe Theismann, Mike Tirico, Ron Jaworski, Brian Griese, and Tony Kornheiser.

Jaworzno, city, Śląskie województwo (province), south-central Poland. It was founded in the 18th century when rich deposits of zinc and lead ore and beds of coal were discovered nearby. Jaworzno is an important coal-mining and industrial city, with large chemical factories and several massive

Jaws, American suspense and horror film, released in 1975, that was directed by Steven Spielberg and is considered the first summer blockbuster. Based on the 1974 novel of the same name by author Peter Benchley, it tells the story of a great white shark that terrorizes a beach resort town. The film

The Worst Movies of All Time: The critics: Thumbs down and less-than-zero stars: …blockbuster Jaws, the third one, Jaws: The Revenge (1987; directed by Joseph Sargent), is the most memorable, if only for the walloping it got by reviewers. Chicago-based film critics Roger Ebert and Gene Siskel held nothing back when they discussed the film on their popular televised movie-review program, Siskel &…

Islamic arts: Palaces: Jawsaq al-Khāqānī, for instance, is a walled architectural complex nearly one mile to a side that in reality is an entire city. It contains a formal succession of large gates and courts leading to a cross-shaped throne room, a group of smaller living units, basins…

Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA), Japanese government agency in charge of research in both aviation and space exploration. Its headquarters are in Tokyo. JAXA is divided into seven bodies: the Space Transportation Mission Directorate, which develops launch vehicles; the Space Applications

Syr Darya, river in the Central Asian republics of Uzbekistan, Tajikistan, and Kazakhstan. The Syr Darya is formed by the confluence of the Naryn and Qoradaryo rivers in the eastern Fergana Valley and generally flows northwest until it empties into the Aral Sea. With a length of 1,374 miles (2,212

jay, any of about 35 to 40 bird species belonging to the family Corvidae (order Passeriformes) that inhabit woodlands and are known for their bold, raucous manner. Most are found in the New World, but several are Eurasian. Jays are nearly omnivorous; some are egg stealers, and many store seeds and

Noah Baumbach: Film career: Baumbach wrote his next directorial Jay Kelly (2025) with Emily Mortimer. Starring George Clooney and Adam Sandler, the film follows a famous movie star who faces an identity crisis and searches for emotional clarity during a trip across Italy.

Jay Leno: In September Leno began hosting The Jay Leno Show, a prime-time hour-long program that aired Monday through Friday. The show, however, failed to catch on with viewers, and in January 2010 it was canceled; the last episode aired in February. Later in January it was announced that Leno would replace…

Jay Leno: …on the network CNBC (Jay Leno’s Garage [2015– ]).

Ibrāhīm al-Ḥāqilānī: …he began collaborating on the Le Jay Polyglot Bible, publishing the Book of Ruth in Arabic, Syriac, and Latin and 3 Maccabees in Latin and Arabic. In 1646 he became professor at the Collège de France, Paris, but in 1652 he returned to Rome to work on preparation of the…

Frank Gehry: Stardom and later works: … in Annandale-on-Hudson, New York; the Jay Pritzker Pavilion (2004) in Chicago’s Millennium Park; and the New World Center (2011) for the New World Symphony orchestral academy in Miami Beach, Florida. For his 2008 renovation of the Art Museum of Ontario in Toronto, Gehry retained the original building (1918) but removed…

Jay Treaty, (November 19, 1794), agreement that assuaged antagonisms between the United States and Great Britain, established a base upon which America could build a sound national economy, and assured its commercial prosperity. Negotiations were undertaken because of the fears of Federalist

JAY-Z is an American rapper, entrepreneur, and philanthropist who became one of the most influential figures in hip-hop in the 1990s and early 21st century. A classic self-made music mogul, he parlayed his streetwise business skills and confident lyricism to become an icon on the East Coast hip-hop

John Jay was a Founding Father of the United States who served the new nation in both law and diplomacy. He established important judicial precedents as the first chief justice of the United States (1789–95) and negotiated the Jay Treaty of 1794, which settled major grievances with Great Britain

Ricky Jay was an American magician, actor, author, and historian, widely regarded as the most gifted sleight-of-hand artist of his generation. (Read Harry Houdini’s 1926 Britannica essay on magic.) He made his performing debut at age four during a backyard barbecue held by his grandfather Max Katz,

JAY-Z is an American rapper, entrepreneur, and philanthropist who became one of the most influential figures in hip-hop in the 1990s and early 21st century. A classic self-made music mogul, he parlayed his streetwise business skills and confident lyricism to become an icon on the East Coast hip-hop

JAY-Z is an American rapper, entrepreneur, and philanthropist who became one of the most influential figures in hip-hop in the 1990s and early 21st century. A classic self-made music mogul, he parlayed his streetwise business skills and confident lyricism to become an icon on the East Coast hip-hop

Jaya Bachchan is an Indian actress and politician known for her significant contributions to Bollywood and her active role in Indian politics. Despite a relatively brief acting career as a leading lady, Jaya Bachchan (née Bhaduri) starred in numerous critically and commercially successful films.

Suryavarman II: …under a new leader, King Jaya Harivarman I, defeated Khmer troops in a decisive battle at Chakling, near Phan Rang, in southern Vietnam. Suryavarman put his brother-in-law, Harideva, on the Cham throne, but Jaya Harivarman I deposed him and reclaimed that throne. In 1150 Suryavarman died in the midst of…

Suryavarman II: …in 1136 the Cham king, Jaya Indravarman III, defected and made an alliance with the Vietnamese.

Jaya Peak, highest mountain on the island of New Guinea, in the Sudirman Range, western central highlands. Located in the Indonesian province of Central Papua, the 16,024-foot (4,884-meter) summit is the highest in the southwestern Pacific and the highest island peak in the world. It marks the

Malla era: The Malla ruler Jaya Sthiti (r. c. 1382–95) introduced a legal and social code strongly influenced by contemporary Hindu principles. In the early 18th century one of Nepal’s independent principalities, Gurkha, began to challenge the Mallas, who were at that time weakened by familial dissension and social and…

Jaya Peak, highest mountain on the island of New Guinea, in the Sudirman Range, western central highlands. Located in the Indonesian province of Central Papua, the 16,024-foot (4,884-meter) summit is the highest in the southwestern Pacific and the highest island peak in the world. It marks the

Kaḍiri: Jayabhaya of Kaḍiri (reigned 1135–57) successfully annexed Janggala. Jayabhaya and succeeding kings of Kaḍiri expanded their territories to non-Javanese areas, including coastal areas of Borneo and the island of Bali. Kaḍiri could not control Sumatra, however, because the Śrivijaya empire, though by now in decline,…

India: The Rajputs of India: The king Jayachandra (12th century) is mentioned in the poem Prithviraja-raso by Chandbardai, in which his daughter, the princess Sanyogita, elopes with the Chauhan king Prithviraja. Jayachandra died in battle against the Ghūrid chief, Muʿizz al-Dīn Muḥammad ibn Sām (Muḥammad of Ghūr), and his kingdom was annexed.

Indian philosophy: The ultralogical period: …members of this school were Pakshadhara Mishra of Mithila, Vasudeva Sarvabhauma (16th century), his disciple Raghunatha Shiromani (both of Bengal), and Gadadhara Bhattacharyya.

Jayadeva was an Indian author of the Sanskrit poem Gita Govinda (“Song of the Cowherd [Krishna]”). The son of Bhojadeva, a Brahman, he was born in the village of Kenduli Sasan, Orissa (now Odisha), near the city of Puri, and was married to Padmavati. Jayadeva was closely associated with the temple

South Asian arts: Tamil: …urban Tamil middle-class family life; Jayakanthan, a sharp and passionate writer, with a tendency to shock his readers; and L.S. Ramatirthan, probably the finest stylist at work in Tamil today, who started by writing in English.