• Hovell, William (Australian explorer)

    Hamilton Hume: 
Australia, Hume accepted that of William Hovell, a sailor whose inexperience in the bush was compensated by his skill at navigation. They traversed from Gunning to Corio Bay (October 1824–January 1825), discovering part of the Murray River and valuable farming and grazing lands. For this journey Hume was rewarded by


  • hoven (animal disease)

    bloat, disorder of ruminant animals involving distention of the rumen, the first of the four divisions of the stomach, with gas of fermentation. Bloated cattle are restless and noticeably uncomfortable and have distended left flanks. Bloat often occurs in cattle that have grazed young, lush legumes

  • Hovenia dulcis (plant and fruit)

    raisin tree, (species Hovenia dulcis), shrub or tree, of the buckthorn family (Rhamnaceae), native to East Asia and sometimes cultivated in other regions. It is so-named because the fruit resembles a raisin in size and colour. The plant grows to about 7.5 m (about 25 feet) in height and has

  • Hovensa (oil refinery, United States Virgin Islands)

    United States Virgin Islands: Economy: 
with the closure of the HOVENSA plant on St. Croix after more than four decades in operation. The plant had been one of the world’s largest such facilities and had produced most of the islands’ fuel supply. The impact of its closure on the economy included substantial losses of jobs


  • Hovenweep National Monument (national monument, Colorado-Utah, United States)

    Hovenweep National Monument, several scattered archaeological sites in southwestern Colorado and southeastern Utah, U.S., 25 miles (40 km) west of Cortez, Colorado. The monument, established in 1923, has a total area of 1.2 square miles (3 square km). Hovenweep consists of six groups of

  • hover fly (insect)

    hover fly, (family Syrphidae), any member of a family that contains about 6,000 species of insects in the fly order, Diptera. Their various common names refer to the behaviour of hovering around flowers. Hover flies, with their yellow markings, resemble wasps or bees but do not bite or sting. They

  • Hover-bed (device)

    air-cushion machine: Industrial applications: The Hover-bed is a device on which a patient is supported with the minimum of body contact and surface pressure. The bed is being tested by the British Medical Research Council and is expected to be of particular use in cases in which the patient is


  • Hovercraft (vehicle)

    Hovercraft, any of a series of British-built and British-operated air-cushion vehicles (ACVs) that for 40 years (1959–2000) ferried passengers and automobiles across the English Channel between southern England and northern France. The cross-Channel Hovercraft were built by Saunders-Roe Limited of

  • Hovercraft Development Ltd. (British company)

    air-cushion machine: ACV operation: The subsidiary was known as Hovercraft Development Ltd., and, because of the patents that it held, it could control the manufacture of skirted air-cushion vehicles not only in Britain but in many other countries of the world.

  • Hovercraft Ltd. (British company)

    pneumatic device: Major types of pneumatic devices: 
vehicles (ACVs) is the British-made Hovercraft. It is used commercially as a passenger- and car-carrying ferry; a number of them ply the English Channel. Experimental “tracked skimmers” (air-cushion trains) are under development in a number of countries, but they are not yet used commercially to any great extent. In the


  • Hoverla, Mount (mountain, Ukraine)

    Carpathian Mountains: Physiography of the Carpathian Mountains: 
 on the Ukrainian side, with Goverla (Hoverla; 6,762 feet) as the highest peak. The Inner Eastern Carpathians attain their highest altitude in the Rodna (Rodnei) Massif in Romania; they are built of crystalline rocks and reach a peak in Pietrosu (7,556 feet). To the south, extinct volcanoes in the Călimani


  • Hovertrain

    air-cushion machine: Air-cushion trains: Once air-cushion suspension was proved practical in Hovercraft, the system was quickly applied to other forms of transport, and it soon became clear that a tracked vehicle, similar to a train or monorail, would benefit considerably from the lack of friction inherent in


  • កovevei áș”iyyon (Zionist organization)

    Leo Pinsker: 
a newly formed Zionist group, កibbat áș”iyyon (“Love of Zion”), made him one of its leaders. In 1884 he convened the Kattowitz (Katowice, Pol.) Conference, which established a permanent committee with headquarters in Odessa. Although កibbat áș”iyyon (later កovevei áș”iyyon [“Lovers of Zion”]) was crippled by lack of funds, it


  • Hovey, Richard (American writer)

    Richard Hovey was a U.S. poet, translator, and dramatist. After graduating from Dartmouth in 1885, Hovey studied art and theology and in 1887 met Bliss Carman, the poet, with whom he later collaborated. Hovey lectured on aesthetics at the Farmington School of Philosophy and, for the last two years

  • Hoveyda, AmÄ«r ÊżAbbas (prime minister of Iran)

    AmÄ«r ÊżAbbas Hoveyda was the prime minister of Iran under Shah Mohammed Reza Pahlavi from January 1965 to August 1977. After taking political science degrees at the universities of Brussels and Paris, Hoveyda joined the Iranian Foreign Office and served in Paris (1945–47), Bonn (1947–51), Ankara

  • Hoveyzeh (Iran)

    Muáž„ammad ibn Falāង: 
to capture the city of Hoveyzeh, which became the seat of the MushaÊżshaÊż movement. Warfare persisted for the next 10 years, during which time Muáž„ammad ibn Falāង was able to consolidate his power in the vicinity of Hoveyzeh and the Tigris River. He owed his success as much to the


  • Hovhaness, Alan (American composer)

    Alan Hovhaness was an American composer of Armenian and Scottish descent, notable for his eclectic choice of material from non-European traditions. Hovhaness studied composition with Frederic Converse at the New England Conservatory from 1932 to 1934 and in 1942 at the Berkshire Music Center in

  • Hovhannes IV Otznetzi (Armenian Orthodox catholicos)

    John IV of Odzun was an Armenian Orthodox catholicos (supreme head of the Armenian Church), a learned theologian and jurist who strove for greater ecclesiastical autonomy for the Armenian Church and supported the movement in the Eastern Church in favour of orthodox Christological theology. With a

  • Hovick, Rose Louise (American entertainer)

    Gypsy Rose Lee was an American striptease artist, a witty and sophisticated entertainer who was one of the first burlesque artists to imbue a striptease with grace and style. Lee was born in January 1911 in Seattle, according to researchers who have identified her birth certificate. She celebrated

  • Hovinsaari (island, Finland)

    Kotka: 
southeastern Finland, on two islands, Hovinsaari and Kotkansaari, at the mouth of the Kymi River on the Gulf of Finland, east-northeast of Helsinki. Kotkansaari was fortified by the Russians between 1790 and 1800, and its main fort was destroyed by a British fleet in 1855 during secondary operations of the


  • Hovland, Carl I. (American psychologist)

    Carl I. Hovland was an American psychologist who pioneered the study of social communication and the modification of attitudes and beliefs. After receiving his Ph.D. from Yale University in 1936, Hovland became a member of the Yale faculty. His early work was in experimental psychology, on

  • Hovland, Carl Iver (American psychologist)

    Carl I. Hovland was an American psychologist who pioneered the study of social communication and the modification of attitudes and beliefs. After receiving his Ph.D. from Yale University in 1936, Hovland became a member of the Yale faculty. His early work was in experimental psychology, on

  • Hovot ha-levavot (work by Bahya)

    Bahya ben Joseph ibn Pakuda: An English translation, Duties of the Heart (1925–47; reprinted 1962), was completed by Moses Hyamson.

  • hovrĂ€tter (Swedish court)

    Sweden: Justice: 
intermediate courts of appeal (hovrĂ€tter), and the Supreme Court (högsta domstolen). District courts play the dominant role. A peculiar feature of these courts is a panel of lay assessors (nĂ€mndemĂ€n), who take part in the main hearings, primarily on more serious criminal and family cases. In such cases, the


  • Hövsgöl Lake (lake, Mongolia)

    Hövsgöl Lake, lake in northern Mongolia. With an area of 1,012 square miles (2,620 square km), it is Mongolia’s largest freshwater lake, with depths exceeding 800 feet (244 m). It lies near the Russian border at an elevation of 5,397 feet (1,645 m), at the southern foot of the east Sayan Range. The

  • Hövsgöl Mountains (mountain range, Mongolia)

    Hövsgöl Mountains, mountain range in northern Mongolia. To the north of the mountains lies Hövsgöl Lake, Mongolia’s largest and deepest freshwater

  • Hövsgöl Nuruu (mountain range, Mongolia)

    Hövsgöl Mountains, mountain range in northern Mongolia. To the north of the mountains lies Hövsgöl Lake, Mongolia’s largest and deepest freshwater

  • Hövsgöl Nuur (lake, Mongolia)

    Hövsgöl Lake, lake in northern Mongolia. With an area of 1,012 square miles (2,620 square km), it is Mongolia’s largest freshwater lake, with depths exceeding 800 feet (244 m). It lies near the Russian border at an elevation of 5,397 feet (1,645 m), at the southern foot of the east Sayan Range. The

  • How a Rejected Block of Marble Became the World’s Most Famous Statue

    At the start of the 16th century the Opera del Duomo—the committee of officials in charge of the decoration and maintenance of the Florence cathedral—had a tricky unfinished project on its hands. A document from 1501 refers to a massive barely begun statue, “a certain man of marble, named David,

  • How AI can help your small business

    If you own a small business, you’re familiar with the challenges that come with it, from managing cash flow and responding to customer questions to promoting your products and services and finding new hires. But artificial intelligence (AI) has started to ease some of those pressures—and even

  • How AI might fit into your stock trading strategy

    Stock picking takes time, and even then, it’s hard to know if you’ve made the right choices. Artificial intelligence (AI) offers a way to speed up the process. Whether you’re analyzing data, evaluating a trading strategy, or building a portfolio, AI tools can help. There’s no guarantee of success,

  • How Albert Einstein Developed the Theory of General Relativity

    In 1907, two years after the publication of his theory of special relativity, Albert Einstein came to a key realization: special relativity could not be applied to gravity or to an object undergoing acceleration. Imagine someone inside a closed room sitting on Earth. That person can feel Earth’s

  • How Am I Supposed to Live Without You (song by James and Bolton)

    Michael Bolton: Songwriting and solo success: 
his own rendition of “How Am I Supposed to Live Without You.” The song reached number one on the Billboard Hot 100 and earned him a Grammy Award in 1990 for best male pop vocal performance. That same year Bolton joined saxophonist Kenny G for a sold-out tour of


  • How and Where Coral Bleaching Is Affecting the Great Barrier Reef

    The Great Barrier Reef is one of Earth’s most magnificent natural monuments. This complex of coral reefs, shoals, and islets in the Pacific Ocean off Australia’s northeastern coast stretches for more than 1,250 miles, or 2,000 kilometers, over an area of some 135,000 square miles, or 350,000 square

  • How Are Ants, Wasps, and Bees Related?

    What comes to mind when someone mentions bees or wasps or ants? Do you recoil a little bit at memories of painful stings or ruined picnics? Perhaps you might feel differently if you knew that those creatures may benefit humans more than any other insect group. With more than 150,000 named species

  • How Are Crystals Made?

    The crystallization process begins with nucleation, the initial step where a small number of particles (that is, ions, atoms, or molecules) come together to form a stable cluster of solid material. This cluster acts as a seed for further growth. There are two types of nucleation: heterogeneous

  • How Are Currency Exchange Rates Determined?

    If you travel internationally, you most likely will need to exchange your own currency for that of the country you are visiting. The amount of money you’ll get for a given amount of your country’s currency is based on internationally determined exchange rates. Exchange rates can be either fixed or

  • How Are Diamonds Made?

    In nature, diamonds are created within Earth’s mantle at depths exceeding 120 kilometers (75 miles) where temperatures soar and pressures are immense. Over billions of years, carbon atoms bond in a crystal structure that results in the hardest known natural substance. These diamonds are then

  • How Are Fossils Formed?

    Fossils are most often formed from organisms that have a solid and resistant skeleton. Hard parts, such as bones and teeth, are more likely to survive the ravages of time compared to their softer counterparts, which tend to decompose rapidly. When an organism with such hard parts dies and is

  • How Are Hurricanes and Typhoons Named?

    The practice of naming storms has a long history. Before the 20th century, notable tropical cyclones (also called typhoons or hurricanes, depending on geography) were generally identified by the time when they occurred or the location where they struck. Thus, the San Mateo Hurricane of 1565—which,

  • How Are Mountains Formed?

    The most common and visible way mountains are formed is through the convergence of Earth’s tectonic plates. When two lithospheric plates collide, the immense pressure causes the crust to crumple and fold, creating mountain ranges. This process, called orogeny, results in the formation of long,

  • How Are Sports Chosen for the Olympics?

    The Olympic Games have expanded from 241 to more than 10,000 competitors since the original reestablishment in Athens with the 1896 Games. Dozens of additions and changes have been made in the Olympic program since 1896, with almost 100 events being added since 1980 alone. Although enthusiasts of

  • How basis trading works (and why borrowing big makes it risky)

    Basis trading is a common strategy used by professional investors to profit from the small price difference between the cash (or “spot”) price of an asset such as a Treasury security or commodity and what it may be worth several months from now, as reflected in the price of a futures contract based

  • How Big Are Anglerfish Compared to Humans?

    Most anglerfish are considerably smaller than humans. The European monkfish (Lophius piscatorius), a species of anglerfish, can grow up to 2 meters (6.6 feet) in length, longer than the average human, who typically stands about 1.7 meters (5.5 feet) tall. However, most anglerfish are about 30

  • How Big Can Tortoises Get?

    Tortoises as a group vary significantly in size. Giant tortoises, specifically those found on the Aldabra Islands and the Galapagos Islands, can grow to have shells exceeding 1 meter in length. As of October 2025 a Galapagos tortoise (Chelonoidis nigra) with an estimated weight of 417 kg (919

  • How Big Is Earth?

    Earth has a diameter at the Equator of about 12,756 kilometers (7,926 miles), making it the fifth largest planet in the solar system. Earth’s mass is about 5.97 ⹉ 1024 kilograms. Dividing this mass by Earth’s volume results in an average density of approximately 5,517 kilograms per cubic meter.

  • How Big Is Jupiter?

    Jupiter is the largest planet in the solar system, with an equatorial diameter of about 143,000 kilometers (88,900 miles), which is more than 11 times the diameter of Earth. The planet’s sheer volume and mass are so great that it could contain all the other planets in the solar system combined.

  • How Big Is Mars?

    Mars is a small planet, larger than only Mercury and slightly more than half the size of Earth. Its equatorial radius measures 3,396 kilometers (2,110 miles), with a mean polar radius of 3,379 kilometers (2,100 miles). By comparison, Earth’s equatorial radius is 6,378 kilometers (3,963 miles). The

  • How Big Is Pluto?

    Pluto’s diameter, 2,370 km (1,473 miles), is less than half that of Mercury (4,880 km [3,032 miles]) and only about two-thirds the size of Earth’s Moon (3,474 km [2,159 miles]. Pluto is thus significantly smaller than any of the planets in the solar system and more comparable in size to some of the

  • How Big Is Saturn?

    Saturn is a colossal planet, with an equatorial diameter of 120,536 kilometers (74,898 miles). Saturn is the second-largest planet in the solar system, only surpassed by Jupiter. Despite its massive size, Saturn is surprisingly light for its volume. It occupies almost 60 percent of Jupiter’s volume

  • How Big Is the Giant Squid?

    In the public consciousness, titanic conflicts between giant squids (genus Architeuthis) and sperm whales (Physeter macrocephalus) are legendary. Not only have these behemoths battled one another in art—famously in an illustration in British novelist Frank T. Bullen’s The Cruise of the Cachalot

  • How Big Is the Moon?

    The Moon is a spherical rocky body with a mean equatorial radius of approximately 1,738 kilometers (1,080 miles) and a diameter of roughly 3,476 kilometers (2,160 miles). In terms of mass, the Moon is relatively massive for a natural satellite, with a mass ratio compared to Earth that is larger

  • How Big Is the Sun?

    The Sun’s radius is a staggering 109 times greater than Earth’s, making it a truly massive presence in our solar system. This immense size is complemented by its mass, which is 330,000 times that of Earth and 743 times the total mass of all the planets in the solar system. The Sun’s mass is so

  • How Big Is Venus?

    Venus, the second planet from the Sun, is quite similar to Earth in terms of size, mass, and density. In fact, Venus has been called Earth’s twin. Venus’s mean radius is 6,051.8 kilometers (3,760.4 miles), which is about 95 percent of Earth’s radius at the Equator. This makes Venus nearly as large

  • How Big Was a Saber-Toothed Tiger?

    The saber-toothed tiger, the popular name for a genus of extinct prehistoric cats known as Smilodon, was about the size of a modern African lion. The most famous of the saber-toothed cats, Smilodon was a large, short-limbed predator that inhabited North and South America during the Pleistocene

  • How Big Was the Asteroid That Contributed to Dinosaur Extinction?

    Many scientists believe an asteroid that struck Earth 66 million years ago may have significantly contributed to the K–T extinction event, which wiped out the dinosaurs. Though little is known about the asteroid itself, it is estimated to have been about 10 to 15 km (6 to 9 miles) in diameter. The

  • How Big Was the Woolly Mammoth?

    The woolly mammoth (Mammuthus primigenius) was a massive creature, standing about 3 to 3.7 meters (about 10 to 12 feet) tall. Its towering stature was complemented by its hefty weight, which ranged between 5,500 and 7,300 kg (approximately 6 to 8 tons). Such dimensions make the woolly mammoth

  • How Big Were Saber-Toothed Cats Compared to Tigers?

    Saber-toothed cats in the genus Smilodon were comparable in length and height to Siberian tigers (Panthera tigris altaica) but were generally more robust, stockier, and heavier. The species S. populator, however, was considerably larger and more robust than modern big cats, including lions and

  • How Big, How Blue, How Beautiful (album by Florence + the Machine)

    Florence Welch: 
when the group’s third album, How Big, How Blue, How Beautiful, debuted at the top of the Billboard 200 chart in June 2015. Three years later their success continued with High As Hope, which included the hit single “Hunger.” Also in 2018 Welch published the book Useless Magic: Lyrics and


  • How Bob Odenkirk Became Bob Odenkirk

    “I’ve done all these different things, and there’s been a great degree of failure,” Bob Odenkirk told The New York Times a few months after he died—for 18 minutes, at least—while filming Better Call Saul. Nowadays Odenkirk is best known for the role he was playing the day that his heart stopped:

  • How Botanical Gardens Save Plants with Science

    Many people think of botanical gardens as little more than highly landscaped parks. Full of beauty and peace, botanical gardens are indeed perfect for a few hours to yourself, and many of them were initially designed for aesthetics alone. However, most modern botanical gardens have evolved to

  • How Can Some Trees Survive for Thousands of Years?

    Some of the oldest living things on our remarkable planet are trees. The record holders are bristlecone pines of the western United States, quite a few of which are known to be more than 3,000 years old. One individual, discovered in 2012, is estimated to be more than 5,060 years old, making it the

  • How Can You Mend a Broken Heart (song by the Bee Gees)

    the Bee Gees: At the forefront of disco: 
and the Grammy Award-nominated “How Can You Mend a Broken Heart” (1971), but there were several hitless years before they returned to the charts with Main Course (1975). Recorded in Miami, grounded in rhythm and blues, and typified by the chart-topping single “Jive Talkin’,” the album put the Bee


  • How Cold Was the Water When the Titanic Sank?

    On the night of April 14–15, 1912, the Titanic sank into the frigid waters of the North Atlantic. Some 1,500 people perished, and for most of the victims, the cause of death was hypothermia, not drowning. The water temperature was approximately 28 ℉ (−2 ℃), which is below the freezing point of

  • How college scholarships can help you pay for school

    College is awesome. It’s the ultimate chance to grow, learn, explore, and become the you that you’ll be in your adult life. And for a good number of us, what you’ll be is in debt, at least for a while. Yep, college is expensive—right up there with buying a car, and sometimes even buying a house.

  • How companies use forward guidance to shape investor expectations

    We would all love to take a peek into the future, especially when it comes to our investments. Although there’s no crystal ball available, there is something else: forward guidance, a company’s public take on where its business might be headed. When companies report quarterly and annual earnings,

  • How convertible bonds balance income, equity, and risk

    As an investor, you’re typically given a choice: You can buy shares of stock, which makes you part owner of the underlying company, or you can buy bonds or other fixed-income securities, in which case you’re loaning the company money (and they’ll pay you interest). But what if you could buy a bond,

  • How Deadly Are Australia’s Animals?

    Even more than for its gorgeous opera house, sandy beaches, or colourful reefs, Australia has cemented its reputation as home to some of the world’s deadliest animals. Or, if you believe the rumours, maybe even all of the world’s deadliest animals. The numbers tell a different story. It is

  • How Deadly Is Quicksand?

    It used to be a standard trope in action movies, although you don’t see it much these days: a patch of apparently solid ground in the jungle that, when stepped on, turns out to have the consistency of cold oatmeal. The unlucky victim starts sinking down into the muck; struggling only makes it

  • How Deadly Is the Pong Pong Tree from The White Lotus?

    One of the most poisonous plants of Asia, the pong pong—or suicide tree—is getting its 15 minutes of fame in the West thanks to the disturbing finale of the third season of HBO’s acclaimed comedy-drama The White Lotus (aired April 6, 2025). While Hollywood is known for taking creative liberties

  • How debt collection affects your credit score—and steps you can take

    If you’re facing debt collection, then you may be concerned about how unpaid debts can affect your credit score. Debt collection is usually detrimental, but the good news is that the negative effects don’t last forever. You have options—both during and after the debt collection process—to ensure

  • How deep is the ocean?

    The prospect of comprehending just how vast and deep Earth’s oceans are is a challenging one. Earth’s surface is dominated by the Atlantic, Pacific, Indian, Arctic, and Southern oceans, which together cover some 71 percent of the planet and whose average collective depth is 12,100 feet (3,688

  • How Deep Is the Titanic Wreck?

    The wreck of the Titanic lies approximately 12,500 feet (3,810 meters)—or 2.4 miles (3.9 km)—beneath the surface of the Atlantic Ocean. The extreme depth made discovering the ocean liner difficult. Within days of the Titanic’s sinking in 1912, talk began of finding the wreck. However, it was not

  • How Deep Is Your Love (song by the Bee Gees)

    Saturday Night Fever: Soundtrack: 
Alive,” “Night Fever,” and “How Deep Is Your Love.” Elliman’s “If I Can’t Have You” also reached number one. The soundtrack garnered four Grammy Awards, including album of the year. Up until the release of Michael Jackson’s Thriller (1982), the Saturday Night Fever soundtrack was the best-selling album of


  • How defined benefit pension plans manage risk and returns

    In a defined benefit pension plan, funds are set aside by the employer today to pay workers later, in retirement. But the money doesn’t just sit there; it’s invested, with an eye toward earning outsize returns. Those invested funds need to grow to meet future needs, although estimating just how

  • How Did Adolf Hitler Die?

    On April 30, 1945, with the war lost and Soviet troops advancing, Adolf Hitler fatally shot himself in his underground bunker in Berlin. Some sources claim that he also bit into a cyanide capsule as he pulled the trigger. Eva Braun, whom he had married the previous day, also took cyanide and died

  • How Did Aileen Wuornos Die?

    Aileen Wuornos was an American serial killer who murdered at least seven men in 1989–90 while earning a living as a sex worker along Florida highways. She was convicted of one of the murders in 1992 and sentenced to death. She later pleaded no contest to five other murders. (The body of one of her

  • How did Albert Camus die?

    In the afternoon on January 4, 1960, French philosopher Albert Camus, author of The Stranger (1942) and The Myth of Sisyphus (1942), was riding in the front passenger seat of a Facel Vega driven by his friend and publisher’s nephew, Michel Gallimard. Camus and Gallimard were returning to Paris

  • How Did Alexander the Great Really Die?

    Today we know all about what happens to our bodies after we die. Changes begin immediately after death, beginning with the body temperature cooling. Within a few hours the movement of damaged blood cells causes discolouration in the skin; in the same time frame rigor mortis sets in, making the body

  • How Did Buffalo Wings Get Their Name?

    Buffalo wings refer to a famous variety of chicken wings tossed in a spicy sauce named for the city of Buffalo, New York, where the dish is believed to have been invented. The traditional recipe for the dish involves deep-frying chicken wings and tossing them in butter and the special sauce. The

  • How Did Giorgio Armani Change Fashion?

    Giorgio Armani himself defined the way he changed fashion when he described his approach to design, saying, “I was the first to soften the image of men, and harden the image of women. I dressed men in women’s fabrics, and stole from men what women wanted and needed—the power suit.” Indeed, the

  • How did Greek culture influence Hadrian?

    Before being named Trajan’s successor as Roman emperor, Hadrian spent a period of time in Athens, likely from the end of his consulship in 108 CE until he was appointed legatus (“general”) of the Syrian province in 117. In his youth he was affectionately known as Graeculus (“little Greek”) on

  • How Did Helen Keller Fly a Plane?

    In June 1946 an airplane traveled from Rome to Paris, crossing over the Mediterranean Sea. There was nothing unusual about this flight except one thing: for 20 minutes of the plane’s journey, one of its passengers became its pilot. The passenger was Dr. Helen Keller, an American author, educator,

  • How Did James A. Garfield Die?

    The short answer is that Pres. James A. Garfield died as the result of an assassin’s bullet. However, the ultimate cause of his death was more complex than a gunshot wound. On July 2, 1881, Garfield was shot twice at the Baltimore and Potomac Railroad Station in Washington, D.C. His assailant was

  • How Did Jeffrey Dahmer Die?

    On November 28, 1994, American serial killer Jeffrey Dahmer was fatally beaten at the Columbia Correctional Institution in Portage, Wisconsin. He was serving consecutive life sentences for the murder and dismemberment of 16 young men. He had also confessed to an additional murder, though he was

  • How Did Joseph McCarthy’s Anticommunist Rhetoric Impact the LGBTQ+ Community?

    On February 9, 1950, junior Wisconsin senator Joseph McCarthy delivered a speech in Wheeling, West Virginia, that would thrust him into the national spotlight. This scathing tirade is perhaps best known for McCarthy’s claim that he had with him a list of 205 known communists who were presently

  • How Did King George V Really Die?

    Just before midnight on January 20, 1936, King George V died at Sandringham, in Norfolk, England. His health had gradually declined over the previous few months because of a chronic lung issue that had first appeared in 1928. He managed a last meeting with his privy council and secretary before he

  • How Did Leonardo da Vinci Die?

    Perhaps the most storied account of Leonardo da Vinci’s death in 1519 comes from Giorgio Vasari. In Lives of the Most Eminent Painters, Sculptors, and Architects—the first edition of which was published in 1550, several decades after the artist died—Vasari narrates that Leonardo, while living in

  • How Did Pablo Escobar Die?

    On December 2, 1993, Pablo Escobar died during a shootout with Colombian authorities. The drug lord was shot three times: in the leg, upper back, and right ear. The shot to his head was fatal. While various people claimed responsibility, some have speculated that Escobar took his own life. He had

  • How did Patrice Lumumba die?

    For decades, the question of how Patrice Lumumba, the first prime minister of the newly independent Democratic Republic of the Congo, died—and the related questions of who killed him and why—were subject to much speculation. The short answer is that Lumumba was executed by a firing squad on January

  • How did St. Francis Xavier shape Catholicism?

    Beyond the lasting cultural impact of having baptized tens of thousands of converts throughout Asia, St. Francis Xavier utilized several unique approaches in his ministry that would ultimately influence Roman Catholic missionary strategy for generations. He is credited with the idea that

  • How Did Thanksgiving Become a National Holiday?

    It was more difficult than one might think. In its early history, Thanksgiving Day was more of a lightning rod for controversy than a unifying force in the United States. The Continental Congress periodically issued Thanksgiving proclamations during the Revolutionary War, but after the U.S. federal

  • How Did the “Hail Mary Pass” Get Its Name?

    It was a cold winter’s day in Minnesota: December 28, 1975. The event was an NFL playoff game between the Minnesota Vikings and the Dallas Cowboys. The winning team would advance to the NFC championship. In the fourth quarter, with about 32 seconds to go, the Cowboys were trailing 14–10. Then, in a

  • How Did the Gilded Age Get Its Name?

    The Gilded Age takes its name from the novel The Gilded Age, written by Mark Twain and Charles Dudley Warner and published in 1873. The title was a provocation: the word gilded describes something covered in a thin layer of gold, shiny on the outside but, perhaps, cheap or rotten underneath. That’s

  • How Did the Ivy League Get Its Name?

    The term “Ivy League” originated from a combination of historical traditions and a sportswriter’s creative flair. The association with “ivy” likely comes from a 19th-century tradition known as “planting the ivy.” This ceremony involved students, usually graduating seniors, planting ivy—a symbol of

  • How Did the Magna Carta Influence the American Constitution?

    The Magna Carta significantly influenced the American Constitution by laying the groundwork for the concepts of individual rights, due process, and the rule of law. This medieval document, which King John of England originally stamped with his seal in 1215, eventually became a cornerstone for the

  • How Did the Massacre of St. Bartholomew’s Day Start?

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