Gediminas was the grand duke of Lithuania, the strongest contemporary ruler of eastern Europe. Gediminas succeeded his brother Vytenis (Witen) in 1316 and started the Gediminian dynasty, which included his grandson Jagiełło, later Władysław II of Poland. Gediminas’ domain was composed not only of

Gedling, borough (district), administrative and historic county of Nottinghamshire, east-central England. The district takes its name from the former village of Gedling, which was engulfed in the expansion of the eastern suburbs of the city of Nottingham. The district extends from the River Trent

Gedrosia, historic region west of the Indus River, in what is now the Baluchistan region of Pakistan. In 325 bc Alexander the Great’s forces suffered disastrous losses there from the effects of the desert, supply shortages, and monsoons. They captured the area, but after Alexander’s death his

Indonesia: Cultural institutions: …(1821) theatre to become the Jakarta Arts Building (Gedung Kesenian Jakarta); this institution also hosts major musical and theatrical productions from across the globe. Both institutions sponsor an array of international festivals featuring music, dance, film, spoken word, and other arts.

Gediminas was the grand duke of Lithuania, the strongest contemporary ruler of eastern Europe. Gediminas succeeded his brother Vytenis (Witen) in 1316 and started the Gediminian dynasty, which included his grandson Jagiełło, later Władysław II of Poland. Gediminas’ domain was composed not only of

air warfare: Strategic bombing: …used two radar-beam systems called Gee and Oboe to guide its Lancaster and Halifax bombers to cities on the Continent. In addition, the bombers carried a radar mapping device, code-named H2S, that displayed reasonably detailed pictures of coastal cities such as Hamburg, where a clear contrast between land and water…

Kenneth Gee was an English rugby player, a member of the powerful Wigan club that won the Rugby Football League (RFL) Challenge Cup in 1948. Gee was also vital as forward in Wigan’s RFL championship wins of 1945–46, 1946–47, and 1949–50 and in its Challenge Cup victory of 1951. During his career

Maurice Gee was a New Zealand novelist best known for his realistic evocations of New Zealand life and his fantastical tales for young adults. His most notable work is the Plumb trilogy, which examines the lives of three generations of a New Zealand family. Gee earned a master’s degree in English

Maurice Gee was a New Zealand novelist best known for his realistic evocations of New Zealand life and his fantastical tales for young adults. His most notable work is the Plumb trilogy, which examines the lives of three generations of a New Zealand family. Gee earned a master’s degree in English

Gullah, English-based creole vernacular spoken primarily by African Americans living on the seaboard of South Carolina and Georgia (U.S.), who are also culturally identified as Gullahs or Geechees (see also Sea Islands). Gullah developed in rice fields during the 18th century as a result of contact

Gullah, Black American ethnic group that chiefly inhabits a region stretching along the southeastern coast of the United States, from Pender county in southern North Carolina to St. Johns county in northern Florida. This geographic area is sometimes referred to by its National Park Service

geek, a word used to describe a person who is socially awkward and unpopular, usually because of the person’s perceived intelligence. This definition entered the modern American lexicon in the mid-20th century and is used somewhat interchangeably with the term nerd. However, geek also has a more

geek: Geek culture: In the early 2010s geek chic, the name for a style often characterized by heavy-rimmed glasses and humorous T-shirts that proudly self-identify the wearer as a geek or “dork,” was added to the OED. Such developments suggest that while being called a geek can still be an insult, for…

Geel, commune, Flanders Region, northern Belgium, located in the Kempenland (Campine) Plateau, east of Antwerp. Renowned for its unique system of family care for people living with mental illness, it is linked with the Irish martyr St. Dymphna. According to tradition, in the 7th century she was

Dutch literature: Romanticism: Although Jacob Geel’s essays in Onderzoek en phantasie (1838; “Inquiry and Fantasy”) set a new standard in philological and philosophical criticism in Dutch literature, Geel’s liberal rationalism was almost swept aside by the growing wave of Romanticism. Simultaneously, the freethinking born of the Enlightenment roused the…

radiation: Photodynamic action: In geeldikopp (“yellow thick head”), the photodynamic agent is produced in the animal’s own intestinal tract from chlorophyll derived from plants. In humans the heritable condition of porphyria frequently is associated with light sensitivity, as are a number of somewhat ill-defined dermatologic conditions that result from…

Geelong, second largest city of Victoria, Australia, and a major port on Corio Bay (an extension of Port Phillip Bay). Founded in 1837, its name is a derivation of the Aboriginal word jillong, which means “the place of the native companion,” referring to a long-legged water bird. Formally declared

Port Phillip Association, (1836–39), organization of settlers from Van Diemen’s Land (Tasmania) formed to purchase and develop the grazing land of the unsettled Port Phillip District (later the colony of Victoria) of southeastern Australia; its efforts precipitated the large-scale colonization of

Gary Ablett: …in 1984, signing with the Geelong Football Club. He stayed at Geelong for the remainder of his career, playing 242 games for the Cats before retiring in 1996. He won Geelong’s Best and Fairest (top player) Award in 1984 and served as the team’s cocaptain (1995–96). Ablett was Geelong’s greatest…

Gary Ablett: …in 1984, signing with the Geelong Football Club. He stayed at Geelong for the remainder of his career, playing 242 games for the Cats before retiring in 1996. He won Geelong’s Best and Fairest (top player) Award in 1984 and served as the team’s cocaptain (1995–96). Ablett was Geelong’s greatest…

Oceanic art and architecture: Geelvink Bay: The Geelvink Bay area, including several offshore islands, is located at the northwestern end of New Guinea between the Indonesian provinces of Papua and West Papua. Its style of sculpture seems closely related to those of such eastern Indonesian islands as Tanimbar and…

Geena Davis: Activism: In 2004 she founded the Geena Davis Institute on Gender in Media, an organization that highlights and seeks to correct gender imbalance and to challenge demeaning stereotypes within the entertainment media. The institute partnered with the UN women’s agency and the Rockefeller Foundation to produce (2014) the first international study…

Rajasthan: Dance: Other well-known dances include the geer, which is performed by men and women; the panihari, a graceful dance for women; and the kacchi ghori, in which male dancers ride dummy horses. Performances of khyal, a type of dance-drama composed in verse with celebratory, historical, or romantic themes, is also widely…

Dirk Jan de Geer was a conservative statesman and prime minister of the Netherlands (1926–29, 1939–40) who was disgraced for attempting to negotiate a peace settlement between Great Britain and Nazi Germany in 1940. After receiving his doctorate in law in 1895, de Geer worked as a journalist and

Gerhard, Baron De Geer was a Swedish geologist, originator of the varve-counting method used in geochronology. De Geer was appointed to the Swedish Geological Survey in 1878 and received a master’s degree in geology from Uppsala University in 1879. He studied the glaciers of Spitsbergen in a series

Harry Hay: …affairs, most notably with actor Will Geer and an architect.

African literature: Somali: …chanted and usually moody, the geeraar, short and dealing with war, the buraambur, composed by women, the heello, or balwo, made up of short love poems and popular on the radio, and the hees, popular poetry. Maxamed Cabdulle Xasan (Mohammed Abdullah Hassan) created poetry as a weapon,

Suriname: Suriname since independence: In July 2025 Jennifer Geerlings-Simons became the first woman elected president of Suriname, marking another significant political transition in the post-Bouterse era. A longtime parliamentarian and advocate for environmental protection and Indigenous rights, Geerlings-Simons emphasized climate action and sustainable development as central to her administration’s agenda, signaling Suriname’s…

Geertgen tot Sint Jans was a North Netherlandish painter of religious subjects, notable for his harmonious fusion of the elements of the landscape. Little is known of Geertgen’s life: his surname derived from his living with the religious order of the Knights of St. John at Haarlem (now in the

Clifford Geertz was an American cultural anthropologist, a leading rhetorician and proponent of symbolic anthropology and interpretive anthropology. After service in the U.S. Navy in World War II (1943–45), Geertz studied at Antioch College, Ohio (B.A., 1950), and Harvard University (Ph.D., 1956).

Clifford Geertz was an American cultural anthropologist, a leading rhetorician and proponent of symbolic anthropology and interpretive anthropology. After service in the U.S. Navy in World War II (1943–45), Geertz studied at Antioch College, Ohio (B.A., 1950), and Harvard University (Ph.D., 1956).

Anton Geesink was a Dutch athlete who was the first non-Japanese competitor to win a world championship in judo. Standing 6 feet 6 inches and weighing 267 pounds, Geesink made his mark in the Japanese-dominated sport of judo when he won the 1961 world championship. He was a two-time world champion

Anton Geesink was a Dutch athlete who was the first non-Japanese competitor to win a world championship in judo. Standing 6 feet 6 inches and weighing 267 pounds, Geesink made his mark in the Japanese-dominated sport of judo when he won the 1961 world championship. He was a two-time world champion

To Sir, with Love: Cast: Assorted Referencesrole of Poitier

Bremerhaven: …on territory ceded by Hanover; Geestemünde, founded by Hanover in competition in 1845; and Lehe, a borough dating from medieval times that attained town status in 1920. The union of Lehe and Geestemünde in 1924 formed the town of Wesermünde, which in turn absorbed Bremerhaven in 1939 under Prussian jurisdiction.…

Rashmika Mandanna: Rise to stardom: …“Son of Anjani”), the romance Geetha Govindam (2018), the dramatic Dear Comrade (2019), and the action drama Sulthan (2021). She was one of South Indian cinema’s top actresses when the action drama Pushpa: The Rise (2021) magnified her fame and thrust her into the national spotlight. Mandanna was praised for…

Geʿez language, liturgical language of the Ethiopian church. Geʿez is a Semitic language of the Southern Peripheral group, to which also belong the South Arabic dialects and Amharic, one of the principal languages of Ethiopia. Both Geʿez and the related languages of Ethiopia are written and read

skibobbing: In 1948 the German Georg Gefäller manufactured the Gefäller Ei (“Gefäller Egg”), which he called a skibob. The sport slowly became international as it spread from Austria to Switzerland, West Germany, France, Italy, and Czechoslovakia and then from Europe to the United States, Canada, Japan, and elsewhere.

Karl Barth: International reputation and influence: …aus den Jahren 1954–59 (1959; Deliverance to the Captives), reveal in a unique way the combination of evangelical passion and social concern that had characterized all of his life. Barth died in Basel at age 82.

al-Jifārah, coastal plain of northern Africa, on the Mediterranean coast of extreme northwestern Libya and of southeastern Tunisia. Roughly semicircular, it extends from Qābis (Gabes), Tunisia, to about 12 miles (20 km) east of Tripoli, Libya. Its maximum inland extent is approximately 80 miles

Laura Nyro: …agent and later music mogul David Geffen, she grew more popular with the release of the cult-classic albums Eli and the Thirteenth Confession (1968) and New York Tendaberry (1969). Nyro incorporated a diversity of influences in her writing and performing, drawing on rhythm and blues, soul, gospel, folk, jazz, and…

Haiti: Trials of a young nation: …1859 one of his generals, Fabre Geffrard, overthrew him. Geffrard encouraged educated mulattoes to join his government and established Haitian respectability abroad.

Gefion, in Nordic mythology, a minor goddess associated with unmarried

Gefion, in Nordic mythology, a minor goddess associated with unmarried

Freyja, (Old Norse: “Lady”), most renowned of the Norse goddesses, who was the sister and female counterpart of Freyr and was in charge of love, fertility, battle, and death. Her father was Njörd, the sea god. Pigs were sacred to her, and she rode a boar with golden bristles. A chariot drawn by

Albania: Languages of Albania: There are two principal dialects: Geg, spoken north of the Shkumbin River, and Tosk, spoken in the south. Geg dialects are also spoken in Serbia, Montenegro, Kosovo, and North Macedonia, and Tosk dialects, though somewhat archaic as a result of centuries of separation from their place of origin in Albania,…

Albania: Ethnic groups: …subgroups of Albanians are the Gegs (Ghegs) in the north and the Tosks in the south. Differences between the two groups were quite pronounced before World War II. Until the communist takeover in 1944, Albanian politics were dominated by the more numerous Gegs. Renowned for their independent spirit and fighting…

Karl Gegenbaur was a German anatomist who demonstrated that the field of comparative anatomy offers important evidence in support of evolutionary theory. A professor of anatomy at the universities of Jena (1855–73) and Heidelberg (1873–1903), Gegenbaur was a strong supporter of Charles Darwin’s

gegenschein, oval patch of faint luminosity exactly opposite to the Sun in the night sky. The patch of light is so faint it can be seen only in the absence of moonlight, away from city lights, and with the eyes adapted to darkness. The gegenschein is lost in the light of the Milky Way in the summer

Gego was a Venezuelan artist associated with geometric abstraction, a type of art that uses flat shapes to create nonobjective compositions, and kinetic art, a form of art that relies on motion. She is known for her exploration of line in her immersive handmade wire sculptures and in architecture,

art market: East Asia: …first connoisseur’s manual, Cao Zhao’s Geguyaolun (1388; “Essential Criteria of Antiquities”). It included advice on handling dealers and other collectors.

Friedrich Rückert: …works is a martial poem, Geharnischte Sonette (published in Deutsche Gedichte,1814; “Armoured Sonnets”), a stirring exhortation to Prussians to join in the Wars of Liberation (1813–15) from Napoleonic domination; Rückert stayed home during the war at his parents’ request. Kindertotenlieder (“Songs on the Deaths of Children”), written in 1834 on…

Gestapo, the political police of Nazi Germany. The Gestapo ruthlessly eliminated opposition to the Nazis within Germany and its occupied territories and, in partnership with the Sicherheitsdienst (SD; “Security Service”), was responsible for the roundup of Jews throughout Europe for deportation to

Maximilian I: Legacy of Maximilian I: … (both largely autobiographical), and the Geheimes Jagdbuch, a treatise on hunting, and kept a bevy of poets and artists busy with projects that glorified his reign. His military talents were considerable and led him to use war to attain his ends. He carried out meaningful administrative reforms, and his military…

G.W. Pabst: …was Geheimnisse einer Seele (1926; Secrets of a Soul), a realistic consideration of psychoanalysis that recalls Expressionist themes in its detailed examination of a disturbed consciousness. Die Liebe der Jeanne Ney (1927; The Love of Jeanne Ney) incorporates documentary shots to heighten the realism of its postwar setting. These three…

Gehenna, abode of the damned in the afterlife in Jewish and Christian eschatology (the doctrine of last things). Named in the New Testament in Greek form (from the Hebrew Ge Hinnom, meaning “valley of Hinnom”), Gehenna originally was a valley west and south of Jerusalem where children were burned

Leonard Baskin: In 1942 he founded Gehenna Press, which published finely illustrated books—most notably, editions by poets Ted Hughes and Anthony Hecht that featured Baskin’s art. During World War II Baskin served in the U.S. Navy, and, after a stint with the merchant marine, he returned to New York, where he…

Gehenna, abode of the damned in the afterlife in Jewish and Christian eschatology (the doctrine of last things). Named in the New Testament in Greek form (from the Hebrew Ge Hinnom, meaning “valley of Hinnom”), Gehenna originally was a valley west and south of Jerusalem where children were burned

BND: …1956, it absorbed the “Gehlen Organization,” a covert intelligence force which was created by Major General Reinhard Gehlen after World War II and which cooperated with U.S. intelligence agencies. Gehlen had headed the Foreign Armies East section of the Abwehr, the intelligence service of the German general staff. He…

BND: …was created by Major General Reinhard Gehlen after World War II and which cooperated with U.S. intelligence agencies. Gehlen had headed the Foreign Armies East section of the Abwehr, the intelligence service of the German general staff. He directed the BND until 1968, when he was succeeded by General Gerhard…

gehlenite, mineral composed of calcium aluminum silicate, Ca2Al2SiO7, one end-member of the melilite mineral series (see

Swift: …was renamed after American astrophysicist Neil Gehrels, who was the satellite’s principal investigator until his death in 2017.

Lou Gehrig was one of the most durable players in American professional baseball and one of its great hitters. From June 1, 1925, to May 2, 1939, Gehrig, playing first base for the New York Yankees, appeared in 2,130 consecutive games, a record that stood until it was broken on September 6, 1995,

Lou Gehrig was one of the most durable players in American professional baseball and one of its great hitters. From June 1, 1925, to May 2, 1939, Gehrig, playing first base for the New York Yankees, appeared in 2,130 consecutive games, a record that stood until it was broken on September 6, 1995,

Frank Gehry was a Canadian American architect and designer whose original, sculptural, often audacious work won him worldwide renown. In 1947 Gehry and his family immigrated to Los Angeles, where he soon began taking night classes at Los Angeles City College. He then studied architecture at the

Frank Gehry was a Canadian American architect and designer whose original, sculptural, often audacious work won him worldwide renown. In 1947 Gehry and his family immigrated to Los Angeles, where he soon began taking night classes at Los Angeles City College. He then studied architecture at the

Frank Gehry was a Canadian American architect and designer whose original, sculptural, often audacious work won him worldwide renown. In 1947 Gehry and his family immigrated to Los Angeles, where he soon began taking night classes at Los Angeles City College. He then studied architecture at the

Shingei was a Japanese artist who represents the second generation of an extraordinary family of painters and art connoisseurs and who served the Ashikaga shoguns, a family of military dictators that ruled Japan from 1338 to 1573. Shingei succeeded his father, Shinnō (Nōami), as curator of the

Emanuel Geibel was a German poet who was the centre of a circle of literary figures drawn together in Munich by Maximilian II of Bavaria. This group belonged to the Gesellschaft der Krokodile (“Society of the Crocodiles”), a literary society that cultivated traditional poetic themes and forms.

Emanuel Geibel was a German poet who was the centre of a circle of literary figures drawn together in Munich by Maximilian II of Bavaria. This group belonged to the Gesellschaft der Krokodile (“Society of the Crocodiles”), a literary society that cultivated traditional poetic themes and forms.

keyboard instrument: Related stringed keyboard instruments: …instrument, which he called a Geigenwerck, was capable of recreating the sound of an ensemble of viols and produced sounds of different loudness, depending on the force with which the keys were depressed.

Geiger counter, type of ionization chamber (q.v.) especially effective for counting individual particles of

radiation measurement: Geiger-Müller counters: …detector is known as a Geiger discharge.

Cordia: …leaves of the tropical American geiger tree, aloewood, or sebesten plum (C. sebestena) are used as a substitute for sandpaper. The bright red-orange, six- to seven-lobed flowers are striking and occur in large clusters. The greenish, acid-tasting fruits are edible. The tree grows to 10 metres high (about 33 feet).

Abraham Geiger was a German-Jewish theologian, author, and the outstanding leader in the early development of Reform Judaism. In 1832 Geiger went to Wiesbaden as a rabbi and in 1835 helped to found the Wissenschaftliche Zeitschrift für jüdische Theologie (“Scientific Journal of Jewish Theology”),

Hans Geiger was a German physicist who introduced the first successful detector (the Geiger counter) of individual alpha particles and other ionizing radiations. Geiger was awarded a Ph.D. by the University of Erlangen in 1906 and shortly thereafter joined the staff of the University of Manchester,

Hans Geiger was a German physicist who introduced the first successful detector (the Geiger counter) of individual alpha particles and other ionizing radiations. Geiger was awarded a Ph.D. by the University of Erlangen in 1906 and shortly thereafter joined the staff of the University of Manchester,

phenomenology: Phenomenology of essences: Moritz Geiger applied the new approach particularly to aesthetics and Adolf Reinach to the philosophy of law. The most original and dynamic of Husserl’s early associates, however, was Max Scheler, who had joined the Munich group and who did his major phenomenological work on problems…

Rudolf Oskar Robert Williams Geiger was a German meteorologist, one of the founders of microclimatology, the study of the climatic conditions within a few metres of the ground surface. His observations, made above grassy fields or areas of crops and below forest canopies, elucidated the complex and

Theodor Julius Geiger was a German sociologist and the first professor of sociology in Denmark, whose most important studies concerned social stratification and social mobility. Geiger served in World War I, after which he returned to Munich to take his doctorate in law. He was a teacher,

Valéria Dienes was a dancer, teacher, and choreographer, considered the most important exponent of the Hungarian tradition in movement art. In 1905 she received a Ph.D. in philosophy, mathematics, and aesthetics, and not long afterward she married the mathematician Pál Dienes. Her interests soon

Geiger counter, type of ionization chamber (q.v.) especially effective for counting individual particles of

radiation measurement: Geiger-Müller counters: …volt are produced by the Geiger-Müller tube. Because the pulse is so large, little demand is placed on the pulse-processing electronics, and Geiger counting systems can be extremely simple.

radioactivity: Alpha decay: …and proposed a remarkably successful equation for the decay constant, log λ = a + b log r, in which r is the range in air, b is a constant, and a is given different values for the different radioactive series. The decay constants of odd alpha emitters (odd A…

radioactivity: Alpha decay: …and proposed a remarkably successful equation for the decay constant, log λ = a + b log r, in which r is the range in air, b is a constant, and a is given different values for the different radioactive series. The decay constants of odd alpha emitters (odd A…

radioactivity: Alpha decay: …and proposed a remarkably successful equation for the decay constant, log λ = a + b log r, in which r is the range in air, b is a constant, and a is given different values for the different radioactive series. The decay constants of odd alpha emitters (odd A…

Ciba-Geigy AG, Former Swiss pharmaceutical company formed in 1970 from the merger of Ciba AG and J.R. Geigy SA. Ciba started out in the 1850s as a silk-dyeing business and branched out into pharmaceuticals in 1900, by which time it was the largest chemical company in Switzerland. J.R. Geigy dates

snare drum: A concerto, the Geigy Festival Concerto for Basel drum and orchestra (1958), was written by the Swiss composer Rolf Liebermann.

Novartis AG: Geigy dates to 1758, when Johann Rudolf Geigy set up shop in Basel as a chemist and druggist; his son and grandson branched into dyes for the textile industry. In 1868 the founder’s great-grandson, Johann Rudolf Geigy-Merian, assumed command, creating a flourishing dyestuff company that went public in 1901 and…

Erik Gustaf Geijer was a Swedish poet, historian, philosopher, and social and political theorist who was a leading advocate, successively, of the conservative and liberal points of view. A trip to England directly after his university days made a great impression on Geijer and gave him political

Sir Archibald Geikie was a British geologist who became the foremost advocate of the fluvial theories of erosion. His prolific book writing made him very influential in his time. In 1855 Geikie was appointed to the Geological Survey of Great Britain, under Sir Roderick I. Murchison. Ten years later

Sir Andre Geim is a physicist who was awarded the 2010 Nobel Prize for Physics for his experiments with graphene. He shared the prize with his colleague and former student Konstantin Novoselov. Geim holds dual citizenship in the Netherlands and Great Britain. Geim received a master’s degree from

Sir Andre Geim is a physicist who was awarded the 2010 Nobel Prize for Physics for his experiments with graphene. He shared the prize with his colleague and former student Konstantin Novoselov. Geim holds dual citizenship in the Netherlands and Great Britain. Geim received a master’s degree from

Ed Gein was an American murderer whose gruesome crimes gained worldwide notoriety in the 1950s, when it was discovered that he robbed graves and used body parts to make household items and other objects. In 1968 Gein was found guilty of murdering a woman, though he also confessed to killing another

Ed Gein was an American murderer whose gruesome crimes gained worldwide notoriety in the 1950s, when it was discovered that he robbed graves and used body parts to make household items and other objects. In 1968 Gein was found guilty of murdering a woman, though he also confessed to killing another

Deaths in 2024: February:

Syv Systre: …plunges several hundred feet into Geiranger Fjord below. The name, which in English means “seven sisters,” is derived from the seven separate streams that join at the top of the falls. East of the falls, on a small plateau about 800 feet (240 metres) above the fjord, is the Knivsflå…

Evan Evans was a Welsh poet and antiquary, one of the principal figures in the mid-18th-century revival of Welsh classical poetry. After leaving the University of Oxford without taking a degree, he served as curate in various parishes. His first publication, Some Specimens of the Poetry of the

bid rigging: …United States was described by Gilbert Geis in his classic article (1967) about the heavy electric equipment cases of 1961. In those cases, all of the major producers of electricity-generating equipment conspired to rig the competitive bids for equipment to be sold to the Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA) from the…

Ernesto Geisel was an army general who was president of Brazil from 1974 to 1979. A career army officer from an immigrant family of German Lutherans, Geisel joined the military coup led by Getúlio Vargas that overthrew the elected government and installed a dictatorship in 1930. Geisel supported