gayal, (Bos gaurus frontalis), a subspecies of the gaur and the largest of the wild oxen, subfamily Bovinae (family Bovidae), which is kept and utilized by the hill tribes of Assam and Myanmar (Burma). Smaller than the gaur and with shorter legs, the gayal stands 140–160 cm (55–63 inches) at the

The 6 Nations of the Iroquois Confederacy: The confederacy’s constitution, the Great Law of Peace (Gayanesshagowa), is believed to have been a model for the U.S. Constitution, partly because Benjamin Franklin was known to have been much interested in the structure of the confederacy and partly because of the balance of power embodied in the Great…

William H. Prescott: Life and works: …of such overseas associates as Pascual de Gayangos, the Spanish aide who discovered manuscripts and rare books for him, Prescott made rigorous use of original sources. His critical use of historical evidence was such that he might well be called the first American scientific historian.

Hinduism: Other private rites: …recitation of mantras, especially the Gayatri-mantra (Rigveda 3.62.10), a prayer for spiritual stimulation addressed to the Sun. The accompanying ritual includes (1) the application of marks on the forehead, characterizing the adherents of a particular religious community, (2) the presentation of offerings (water, flowers) to the Sun, and (3) meditative…

Marvin Gaye was an American soul singer-songwriter-producer who, to a large extent, ushered in the era of artist-controlled popular music of the 1970s. Gaye’s father was a storefront preacher; his mother was a domestic worker. Gaye sang in his father’s Evangelical church in Washington, D.C., and

Iran: The Il-Khans: …the Chinese money, failed under Gaykhatu (reigned 1291–95). Gaykhatu was followed briefly by Baydu (died 1295), who was supplanted by the greatest of the Il-Khans, Maḥmūd Ghāzān (1295–1304). Ghāzān abandoned Buddhism—the faith in which his grandfather Abagha, Hülegü’s successor (1265–82), had reared him—and adopted Islam. One of his chief ministers…

hookah, apparatus used to heat and vaporize tobacco for inhalation. The word hookah is derived from the Hindustani huqqa and the Arabic huqqah, meaning “vase” or “vessel.” The practice of smoking tobacco from a hookah likely originated in India or the Middle East. Today it is used worldwide and is

Rashid Ali al-Gaylani was an Iraqi lawyer and politician who was prime minister of Iraq (1933, 1940–41, 1941) and one of the most celebrated political leaders of the Arab world during his time. The scion of an aristocratic Sunni family, Gaylani studied law at Baghdad Law School. After several years

Loretta Lynn: Her half sister, Crystal Gayle, also had a successful recording career.

James Gayley was an American metallurgist who invented a device to ensure uniform humidity in the air stream going into blast furnaces. Gayley enjoyed a long career in a variety of positions with steel companies. Beginning as a chemist for the Crane Iron Company, in Pennsylvania, he had, by the age

Korean War Veterans Memorial: …19 stainless steel sculptures by Frank C. Gaylord II. They are larger-than-life-size figures (approximately 7 ft 3 in [221 cm] in height) constituting an idealized patrol of U.S. servicemen representing the army, the navy, the air force, and the Marine Corps. The figures are spread across a triangular plot of…

huckleberry: Major species: The common huckleberry (Gaylussacia baccata) of the eastern United States and Canada is also called black, or high-bush, huckleberry. Dwarf huckleberry (G. dumosa) extends from Florida to Newfoundland. Box huckleberry (G. brachycera), native to the eastern and central United States, can form huge clones, some of…

huckleberry: Major species: Box huckleberry (G. brachycera), native to the eastern and central United States, can form huge clones, some of which are thousands of years old, by vegetative reproduction.

huckleberry: Major species: Dwarf huckleberry (G. dumosa) extends from Florida to Newfoundland. Box huckleberry (G. brachycera), native to the eastern and central United States, can form huge clones, some of which are thousands of years old, by vegetative reproduction.

gaylussite, a carbonate mineral, hydrated sodium and calcium carbonate [formulated Na2Ca(CO3)2·5H2O], that precipitates from soda lakes. It has been identified in deposits at Lagunillas, Venezuela; in the eastern Gobi (desert), Mongolia; near Ragtown, Nev., U.S.; at Borax Lake, Mono Lake, and

The Kennedy Center: Kennedy Center Honors and Mark Twain Prize for American Humor: …Crawford, actor Sylvester Stallone, vocalist Gloria Gaynor, and the rock band Kiss, Trump declared that he had been “very involved” in decision-making. The assertion suggested that the process for selecting that year’s honorees had deviated from the usual procedure. Typically honorees are chosen through a monthslong proceeding with input from…

Frank Borzage: Breakthrough and success at Fox: …saves a homeless woman (Janet Gaynor) from despair. At the first Academy Awards ceremony, it won for best actress, best screenplay adaptation, and best director of a dramatic picture. It was also nominated for best picture and best art direction.

Lloyd Bacon: Later years of Lloyd Bacon: Golden Girl (1951) cast Mitzi Gaynor as American Civil War-era musical star Lotta Crabtree, while The I Don’t Care Girl (1953) had Gaynor as vaudeville star Eva Tanguay, with George Jessel and Oscar Levant in support.

Gayōmart, in later Zoroastrian creation literature, the first man, and the progenitor of mankind. Gayōmart’s spirit, with that of the primeval ox, lived for 3,000 years during the period in which creation was only spiritual. His mere existence immobilized Ahriman, the evil spirit who wanted to

Gayōmart, in later Zoroastrian creation literature, the first man, and the progenitor of mankind. Gayōmart’s spirit, with that of the primeval ox, lived for 3,000 years during the period in which creation was only spiritual. His mere existence immobilized Ahriman, the evil spirit who wanted to

Maldives: History of Maldives: …in November, was won by Abdulla Yameen Abdul Gayoom, Maumoon Abdul Gayoom’s half brother, who beat Nasheed by a narrow margin. Nasheed was sentenced to 13 years in prison in 2015. He was granted permission to seek medical treatment in the U.K. in 2016, and from there he fled to…

Maldives: History of Maldives: …was succeeded in 1978 by Maumoon Abdul Gayoom, who was reelected to his sixth consecutive term in 2003. The Maldives became a member of the Commonwealth in 1982 (although it withdrew its membership from 2016 to 2020 amid a political spat).

Nguni: …southwestern Zimbabwe, under Mzilikazi; the Gaza state in southern Mozambique, under Soshangane; the Swazi state in Swaziland, under the Dlhamini family; and a cluster of Ngoni states in Tanzania, Zambia, and Malawi, under the successors of the Ngoni leader Zwangendaba.

Gaza, kingdom established in the highlands of the middle Sabi River in Mozambique in the 1830s by Soshangane, the Ndwandwe general who fled from Zululand after his defeat at the hands of Shaka during the Zulu-Nguni wars known as the Mfecane. Soshangane extended his control over the area between the

Gaza, city and principal urban centre of the Gaza Strip, southwestern Palestine. Formerly the administrative headquarters for the Israeli military forces that occupied the Gaza Strip, the city came under Palestinian control in 2005. Records exist indicating continuous habitation at the site for

Gaza Strip, territory occupying 140 square miles (363 square km) along the Mediterranean Sea just northeast of the Sinai Peninsula. The Gaza Strip is unusual in being a densely settled area not recognized as a de jure part of any extant country. The first accurate census, conducted in September

The Israel-Hamas War is a war in the Gaza Strip between Israel and Palestinian militants, especially Hamas, that began on October 7, 2023, when Hamas launched a land, sea, and air assault on Israel from the territory. The next day, Israel declared war for the first time since the Yom Kippur War

Edmund Henry Hynman Allenby, 1st Viscount Allenby: …victory over the Turks at Gaza (November 1917), which led to the capture of Jerusalem (Dec. 9, 1917). Further advances were checked by calls from France for his troops, but after receiving reinforcements he won a decisive victory at Megiddo (Sept. 19, 1918), which, followed by his capture of Damascus…

Great Mosque of Gaza, largest mosque in the Gaza Strip and a key landmark of Gaza city. Its origins as a mosque date to the reign of ʿUmar ibn al-Khaṭṭāb (634–644). The history of the mosque, whose site served as a sacred space long before the advent of Islam, is considered emblematic of the

humanism: The 15th century: Theodore Gaza and John Argyropoulos contributed major translations of Aristotle. John (originally Basil) Bessarion, who became a cardinal in 1439, explored theology from a Platonic perspective and sought to resolve apparent conflicts between Platonic and Aristotelian philosophy; his large collection of

World Economic Forum: Influence and diplomatic role: …Agreement (also known as the Cairo Agreement) in 1994, a peace treaty reached by Palestinian Liberation Organization chairman Yāsir ʿArafāt and Israeli Prime Minister Shimon Peres.

Tabriz, fourth largest city of Iran and capital of the East Azerbaijan province. Situated along the frontier of historical Azerbaijan and Persia and at a central hub of the ancient Silk Road, ethnic Azerbaijanis make up the majority of the population, but the city has also held a momentous position

World War II: Libya and Egypt, autumn 1941–summer 1942: …8th Army back to the Gazala–Bir Hakeim line, just west of Tobruk.

Gazankulu, former nonindependent Bantustan, northeastern Transvaal, South Africa, designated for the Shangaan and Tsonga people. It was made up of four detached portions of low veld, two of which adjoined Kruger National Park. The Tsonga people, the traditional inhabitants of the area, were joined

Gbaya: Led by Gazargamu, their war chief, the Gbaya vanquished, assimilated, or drove ahead of them the peoples that they encountered. Contemporary Gbaya subgroups, which include the Bokoto, Kara, Buli, Kaka, and Bwaka, reflect this integration of defeated peoples. The Gbaya, in turn, were attacked annually by Fulani…

gazebo, lookout or belvedere in the form of a turret, cupola, or garden house set on a height to give an extensive view. The name is an 18th-century joke word combining “gaze” with the Latin suffix ebo, meaning “I shall.” As a structured form, it is as old as garden history: it is the “viewing

ghazal, in Islamic literatures, genre of lyric poem, generally short and graceful in form and typically dealing with themes of love. As a genre the ghazal developed in Arabia in the late 7th century from the nasib, which itself was the often amorous prelude to the qaṣīdah (ode). Two main types of

gazelle: The genus Gazella was traditionally considered to contain 14 species. However, specialists in the taxonomy of the gazelle tribe (Antilopini), using genetic techniques for studying phylogenetic relationships, now believe that gazelles stem from not one but several different ancestors. Accordingly, six species, all African, have been removed…

gazelle: Asian gazelles: subgutturosa), the Arabian gazelle (G. arabica; now extinct), the Saudi gazelle (G. saudiya; now extinct in the wild), the Queen of Sheba’s gazelle (G. bilkis; now extinct), and the dorcas gazelle (G. dorcas). The dorcas gazelle also ranges into North Africa. The range of the goitred gazelle…

gazelle: Asian gazelles: A sixth Asian gazelle, the Indian gazelle or chinkara (G. bennetti), survives in the deserts of India and Pakistan.

gazelle: Asian gazelles: …extinct in the wild), the Queen of Sheba’s gazelle (G. bilkis; now extinct), and the dorcas gazelle (G. dorcas). The dorcas gazelle also ranges into North Africa. The range of the goitred gazelle extends across the Asian deserts to China, though its population is greatly reduced in numbers. A sixth…

gazelle: African gazelles: The Atlas gazelle, also called Cuvier’s, or the edmi, gazelle (G. cuvieri), is found in the Atlas Mountains. The rhim, or slender-horned, gazelle (G. leptoceros) is the most desert-adapted African gazelle and lives in the Sahara’s great sand deserts (ergs) from Algeria to Egypt. The third…

gazelle: The three largest species—the dama gazelle, Grant’s gazelle, and Soemmering’s gazelle—are placed in the genus Nanger (formerly considered a subgenus), and three of the smaller species—Thomson’s gazelle, the red-fronted gazelle, and the Mongalla gazelle—have become the genus Eudorcas

gazelle: Asian gazelles: bilkis; now extinct), and the dorcas gazelle (G. dorcas). The dorcas gazelle also ranges into North Africa. The range of the goitred gazelle extends across the Asian deserts to China, though its population is greatly reduced in numbers. A sixth Asian gazelle, the Indian gazelle or chinkara (G. bennetti), survives…

gazelle: Asian gazelles: …Gazella, with six species: the mountain gazelle (G. gazella), the goitred, or sand, gazelle (G. subgutturosa), the Arabian gazelle (G. arabica; now extinct), the Saudi gazelle (G. saudiya; now extinct in the wild), the Queen of Sheba’s gazelle (G. bilkis; now extinct), and the dorcas gazelle (G. dorcas).

gazelle: …three largest species—the dama gazelle, Grant’s gazelle, and Soemmering’s gazelle—are placed in the genus Nanger (formerly considered a subgenus), and three of the smaller species—Thomson’s gazelle, the red-fronted gazelle, and the Mongalla gazelle—have become the genus Eudorcas. The Gazella genus as

gazelle: African gazelles: The rhim, or slender-horned, gazelle (G. leptoceros) is the most desert-adapted African gazelle and lives in the Sahara’s great sand deserts (ergs) from Algeria to Egypt. The third indigenous species, Speke’s gazelle (G. spekei), inhabits the coastal plain of Somalia.

gazelle: Asian gazelles: arabica; now extinct), the Saudi gazelle (G. saudiya; now extinct in the wild), the Queen of Sheba’s gazelle (G. bilkis; now extinct), and the dorcas gazelle (G. dorcas). The dorcas gazelle also ranges into North Africa. The range of the goitred gazelle extends across the Asian deserts to China,…

gazelle: African gazelles: The third indigenous species, Speke’s gazelle (G. spekei), inhabits the coastal plain of Somalia.

gazelle: Asian gazelles: gazella), the goitred, or sand, gazelle (G. subgutturosa), the Arabian gazelle (G. arabica; now extinct), the Saudi gazelle (G. saudiya; now extinct in the wild), the Queen of Sheba’s gazelle (G. bilkis; now extinct), and the dorcas gazelle (G. dorcas). The dorcas gazelle also ranges into North…

gazelle, any of several fleet, medium-sized antelopes with slender, evenly developed limbs, level backs, and long necks. Most gazelles are tan-coloured, with white underparts and rump patch, a dark side stripe, and contrasting facial markings. They inhabit the arid lands of Asia from China to the

Saluki, breed of hound whose ancestors may date to 7000 to 6000 bce. The breed was popular throughout the ancient Fertile Crescent (from northern Egypt, across northern Arabia, and into the Middle East); the animal was depicted in carvings and paintings, on pottery, and in tombs in ancient Egypt

Gazelle Peninsula, peninsula extending northeast from the island of New Britain, Papua New Guinea, southwestern Pacific Ocean. It is about 50 miles (80 km) wide but tapers to 20 miles (32 km) at the isthmus that joins it to the main part of the island. From coastal plains its surface rises as high

Baḥr al-Ghazāl, river, South Sudan, chief western affluent of the Nile River. It is 445 miles (716 km) long and joins the Mountain Nile (Baḥr al-Jabal) through Lake No, from which it flows eastward as the White Nile (Baḥr al-Abyaḍ). Vaguely known to early Greek geographers, the river was mapped in

gazette, originally, a newssheet containing an abstract of current events, the forerunner of the modern newspaper. The word is derived from the Italian gazzetta, a name given to informal news or gossip sheets first published in Venice in the mid-16th century. (Some historians speculate that the

William Allen White: …own small-town newspaper, the Emporia Gazette, internationally known, and strongly affected at least one U.S. presidential election.

Jules Laforgue: …collector and editor of the Gazette des Beaux-Arts, who introduced him to Impressionist painting. In November 1881 he was appointed reader to the Empress Augusta in Berlin and remained in Germany for almost five years, during which time he wrote most of his works. He married an English woman, Leah…

John Fenno: …founder in 1789 of the Gazette of the United States, a major political organ of the Federalist Party.

Théophraste Renaudot: …under Richelieu’s supervision, Renaudot founded La Gazette (later La Gazette de France), a weekly sheet relating government-sanctioned news, which he edited and published until his death. In 1635 he established a free dispensary and two years later added France’s first pawnbroking shops to the bureau’s activities. His installation of public-health…

dictionary: …names only is called a gazetteer.

Dānishmend dynasty: Dānishmend’s son and successor, Gazi, intervened in dynastic struggles among the sons of Qïlïj Arslan and helped Masʿūd seize power in 1116. Gazi then captured Malatya, Ankara, Kayseri, and Kastamonu from Masʿūd’s rivals (1127). Finally in 1133 Gazi recaptured Kastamonu from the Byzantine emperor John II Comnenus, who had…

Sarajevo: …city’s principal mosques are the Gazi Husreff-Bey’s Mosque, or Begova Džamija (1530), and the Mosque of Ali Pasha (1560–61). Husreff-Bey also built the medrese (madrasah), a Muslim school of theology; the Imaret, a free kitchen for the poor; and the hamam, public baths. A late 16th-century clock tower is adjacent…

Famagusta, major port in the Turkish Cypriot-administered portion of northern Cyprus. It lies on the island’s east coast in a bay between Capes Greco and Eloea and is about 37 miles (55 km) east of Nicosia. The port possesses the deepest harbor in Cyprus. Famagusta is a Frankish corruption of its

Gaziantep, city, south-central Turkey. It is situated near the Sacirsuyu River, a tributary of the Euphrates River, in limestone hills north of Aleppo, Syria. The city was strategically situated near ancient trade routes, and recent excavations have unearthed fragments of pottery indicating

cacos: …opposed by the more conservative gazistas, led by José Cecilio del Valle, who insisted upon protection for private property and gradual change but also advocated safeguarding political liberties. Rivalry over political power, however, as well as conflicting ideologies, was the cause of this factionalism.

gazpacho, cold soup of Spanish cuisine, especially that of Andalusia. It is an ancient dish mentioned in Greek and Roman literature, although two of the main ingredients of the modern version, tomatoes and green peppers, were brought to Spain from the New World only in the 16th century. Spanish

Armenia: Nikol Pashinyan government: After Russia’s Gazprom hiked the price of natural gas to Armenia, Pashinyan visited Iran to discuss using Armenia as a potential transit point for Iranian gas. Armenia’s new government also raised hopes of a fresh start in negotiations with Azerbaijan over the Nagorno-Karabakh region. A number of…

Italy: Media and publishing: …circulation are the sports titles La Gazzetta dello Sport and Corriere dello Sport.

La Stampa, morning daily newspaper published in Turin, one of Italy’s most influential newspapers. It was established in 1868 as the Gazzetta Piemontese and became an important voice in Italy’s struggle for liberation and unification. The Gazzetta was purchased in 1895 by two of its editors, Luigi

Italy: The legislature of Italy: …force when published in the Gazzetta Ufficiale.

Gasparo, Count Gozzi: …those of Addison and Steele: La Gazzetta Veneta (1760–61), a chronicle of Venetian life, and L’Osservatore (1761–62), a literary, philosophical, and theatrical review containing character sketches and satirical works.

Felice Cavallotti: …year he founded the journal Gazzettino rosa, in which he gained fame with his articles lampooning the monarchists. He was also a serious scholar and translated the critical life of Jesus, Das Leben Jesu kritisch bearbeitet (1835–36), by the German theologian David F. Strauss.

Laurent Gbagbo is an Ivoirian educator and politician who became president of Côte d’Ivoire in 2000. During his presidency, he grappled with civil war and an extended period of disunity. After disputing that he lost an election in November 2010, he refused to step down, which led to a political

Benue-Congo languages: Nupoid: …Nupoid languages are Nupe (1,000,000), Gbagyi (700,000), and Ebira (1,000,000). They are spoken in the area north and west of the confluence of the Niger and Benue rivers.

Ngbandi, a people of the upper Ubangi River in southern Central African Republic and northern Democratic Republic of the Congo. Ngbandi speak a language of the Adamawa-Ubangi subgroup of the Niger-Congo language family that is related to that of neighbouring Banda and Gbaya. Ngbandi is a term

Gbarnga, city, north-central Liberia, West Africa, at the intersection of roads from Monrovia and northern Sierra Leone. A rural administrative and local trade centre, it has government and church secondary schools, several churches, and a mosque. Cuttington University College (Episcopalian) and

Gbarnga, city, north-central Liberia, West Africa, at the intersection of roads from Monrovia and northern Sierra Leone. A rural administrative and local trade centre, it has government and church secondary schools, several churches, and a mosque. Cuttington University College (Episcopalian) and

African dance: Masquerade dancers: …Akakayi ancestral masqueraders of the Gwari wear close-fitting head and body coverings, which permit rapid, staccato movements while dancing at the “second burial” (i.e., the post-burial celebrations) of a leader of the community. The Egungun ancestral masqueraders of Yorubaland appear in a wide variety of loosely flowing cloth or palm-leaf…

Gbarnga, city, north-central Liberia, West Africa, at the intersection of roads from Monrovia and northern Sierra Leone. A rural administrative and local trade centre, it has government and church secondary schools, several churches, and a mosque. Cuttington University College (Episcopalian) and

Gbaya, a people of southwestern Central African Republic, east-central Cameroon, northern Congo (Brazzaville), and northwestern Congo (Kinshasa). Numbering about 970,000 at the end of the 20th century, they speak a language of the Adamawa-Ubangi subgroup of the Niger-Congo language family that is

Gbaya: …20th century, they speak a language of the Adamawa-Ubangi subgroup of the Niger-Congo language family that is related to those of their Banda and Ngbandi neighbours.

Gbaya, a people of southwestern Central African Republic, east-central Cameroon, northern Congo (Brazzaville), and northwestern Congo (Kinshasa). Numbering about 970,000 at the end of the 20th century, they speak a language of the Adamawa-Ubangi subgroup of the Niger-Congo language family that is

Gbaya: …20th century, they speak a language of the Adamawa-Ubangi subgroup of the Niger-Congo language family that is related to those of their Banda and Ngbandi neighbours.

Mano River, river rising in the Guinea Highlands northeast of Voinjama, Liberia. With its tributary, the Morro, it forms more than 90 miles (145 km) of the Liberia–Sierra Leone border. The river and its affluents (including the Zeliba) drain a basin of 3,185 square miles (8,250 square km). It

Fermi Gamma-ray Space Telescope: …Area Telescope (LAT) and the Gamma-ray Burst Monitor (GBM), which work in the energy range of 10 keV to 300 GeV (10,000 to 300,000,000,000 electron volts) and are based on highly successful predecessors that flew on the Compton Gamma Ray Observatory (CGRO) in the 1990s. Unlike visible light or even…

National Radio Astronomy Observatory (NRAO), the national radio observatory of the United States. It is funded by the National Science Foundation and is managed by Associated Universities, Inc., a consortium of nine leading private universities. Its headquarters are in Charlottesville, Va. The NRAO

Leymah Gbowee is a Liberian peace activist known for rallying women to pressure leaders into ending Liberia’s civil war. She was one of three recipients, along with Ellen Johnson Sirleaf and Tawakkul Karmān, of the 2011 Nobel Peace Prize, for their nonviolent efforts to further the safety and

Leymah Gbowee is a Liberian peace activist known for rallying women to pressure leaders into ending Liberia’s civil war. She was one of three recipients, along with Ellen Johnson Sirleaf and Tawakkul Karmān, of the 2011 Nobel Peace Prize, for their nonviolent efforts to further the safety and

radio telescope: Filled-aperture telescopes: …in the world is the Robert C. Byrd Green Bank Telescope (GBT) located in Green Bank, West Virginia. This 110-by-100-metre (360-by-330-foot) off-axis radio telescope was completed in 2000 and operates at wavelengths as short as a few millimetres. The moving structure, which weighs 7.3 million kg (16 million pounds), points…

Glenn Beck: …Beck directed his energies toward GBTV, a subscription Web site. The site streamed his radio show as well as other original programming and, beginning in September 2011, his eponymous weeknight talk show. In June 2012 GBTV merged with his already-established Web site TheBlaze.com.

gas chromatography, in analytical chemistry, technique for separating chemical substances in which the sample is carried by a moving gas stream through a tube packed with a finely divided solid that may be coated with a film of a liquid. Because of its simplicity, sensitivity, and effectiveness in

history of flight: Avionics, passenger support, and safety: The ground-controlled approach (GCA), in which a ground observer monitors the course and descent angle of an aircraft via radar, enables pilots to land under extremely adverse weather conditions. GCA was used extensively by the U.S. military during the 1948 Berlin blockade and airlift and was…

Xhosa: …the Xhosa clans include the Gcaleka, Rharhabe, Ngqika, Ndlambe, and the Gqunkhwebe (the latter being partly of Khoekhoe origin).

Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC), political and economic alliance of six Middle Eastern countries—Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, the United Arab Emirates, Qatar, Bahrain, and Oman. The GCC was established in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, in May 1981. The purpose of the GCC is to achieve unity among its members based

arithmetic: Fundamental theory: …of these numbers, called their greatest common divisor (GCD). If the GCD = 1, the numbers are said to be relatively prime. There also exists a smallest positive integer that is a multiple of each of the numbers, called their least common multiple (LCM).

set theory: Present status of axiomatic set theory: … (CH) and its extension, the generalized continuum hypothesis (GCH), are also of profound importance. In the following discussion of these questions, ZF denotes Zermelo-Fraenkel set theory without AC. The first finding was obtained by Kurt Gödel in 1939. He proved that AC and GCH are consistent relative to ZF (i.e.,…

Glenn Greenwald: …of Americans; collaborated with the Government Communication Headquarters (GCHQ), Britain’s NSA equivalent, to covertly collect data from the Internet activity of non-Americans through the PRISM program; collaborated with the GCHQ to crack Internet users’ encryption software; and monitored the phone calls of 35 world leaders.

military communication: World War II and after: …aircraft—the system called GCI (ground-controlled intercept). Radio-controlled guidance of falling bombs enabled an operator in a bomber to direct a bomb to the target. Electronic countermeasures made their appearance in the form of jamming transmitters to jam radio channels and radar, navigation, and other military electronics.

Global Commission on International Migration (GCIM), organization established in December 2003 to promote global discussion and cooperation on issues related to the international movement of persons. Formed by then United Nations Secretary-General Kofi Annan and the governments of 19 UN member

gcod, esoteric Tibetan Buddhist rite that aims at “cutting off” the human ego and thus destroying the illusion of duality between samsara (the world of appearances and of death and rebirth) and nirvana. The participant performs a dance, alone, in an isolated spot, to his own accompaniment of a