Jean-Auguste-Dominique Ingres: Maturity: …post of director of the Académie de France in Rome and set off for Italy in December 1834.

Air France, French international airline originally formed in 1933 and today serving all parts of the globe. With British Airways, it was the first to fly the supersonic Concorde. Headquarters are in Paris. On May 17, 1933, four airlines—Société Centrale pour l’Exploitation de Lignes Aériennes

Anatole France was a writer and ironic, skeptical, and urbane critic who was considered in his day the ideal French man of letters. He was elected to the French Academy in 1896 and was awarded the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1921. The son of a bookseller, he spent most of his life around books.

Banque de France, national bank of France, created in 1800 to restore confidence in the French banking system after the financial upheavals of the revolutionary period. Headquarters are in Paris. The bank listed among its founding shareholders Napoleon Bonaparte, members of his family, and several

France: Conscription of France: …disposal, the emperor fought the Battle of France skillfully, but he could not stop the allies. Shortly after Paris fell, he abdicated, on April 6, 1814, and departed for the island of Elba. France was reduced to its 1792 borders, and the Bourbons returned to the throne. Altogether—along with large…

Battle of France, (May 10–June 25, 1940), during World War II, the German invasion of the Low Countries and France. In just over six weeks, German armed forces overran Belgium and the Netherlands, drove the British Expeditionary Force from the Continent, captured Paris, and forced the surrender of

Bill France, Sr. was an American stock-car racer and executive who founded (1948) the National Association for Stock Car Auto Racing (NASCAR). He is one of the most important figures in American racing history and is responsible for NASCAR’s initial survival and growth, as well as some of its

NASCAR: Growth and change in the 21st century: …of the 21st century included Brian France’s being named his father’s successor as head of NASCAR in 2003 and experimentation with several scoring systems intended to increase competition at the end of the season. The building of new racetracks outside Chicago and Kansas City, Kansas, continued efforts begun by NASCAR…

Collège de France, state-supported research institution and centre for adult education in Paris. Founded in 1530 by Francis I, it was originally the Collegium Trilinguae (College of Three Languages). It offers lectures by scholars chosen for eminence in their particular fields without reference to

Under the ancien régime, France had a great number of flags, and many of its military and naval flags were elaborate and subject to artistic variations. The royal coat of arms, a blue shield with three golden fleurs-de-lis, was the basis for the state flag. After the Bourbons came to power, that

television: Colour television: …line) system, and in France Henri de France developed SECAM (système électronique couleur avec mémoire). Both were basically the NTSC system, with some subtle modifications. By 1970, therefore, North America and Japan were using NTSC; France, its former dependencies, and the countries of the Soviet Union were using SECAM; and…

history of France, a survey of important events and people in the history of France from ancient times to the present. Gaul, in this context, signifies only what the Romans, from their perspective, termed Transalpine Gaul (Gallia Transalpina, or “Gaul Across the Alps”). Broadly, it comprised all

Paris: The Institute of France: East of the Orsay Museum, at the point where the Arts Bridge (Pont des Arts) meets the Left Bank, stands the Institute of France (Institut de France), which since 1806 has housed the five French academies. The site was originally occupied by…

Charles Renard: …Chalais-Meudon, completed the dirigible “La France,” which on August 9 of that year made its first flight, a circular journey of 7 or 8 kilometres (about 4 to 5 miles). Earlier (1871) Renard had flown a pilotless heavier-than-air craft, a 10-winged model glider.

Reformed Church of France, church organized in 1938 by merging several Reformed churches that had developed in France during and after the 16th-century Protestant Reformation. During the early part of the Reformation, Protestant movements made slow progress in France. Yet reforming movements within

Bill France, Sr. was an American stock-car racer and executive who founded (1948) the National Association for Stock Car Auto Racing (NASCAR). He is one of the most important figures in American racing history and is responsible for NASCAR’s initial survival and growth, as well as some of its

France-Soir, daily newspaper published in Paris. Formerly titled Défense de la France (“Defense of France”), it was founded as an underground paper during the German occupation of France in World War II, and after the war it emerged as a journal of mass appeal. Renamed France-Soir, the newspaper

Mel Brooks: Work as producer and actor: …including The Elephant Man (1980), Frances (1982, uncredited), and 84 Charing Cross Road (1987), the last of which starred his second wife, Anne Bancroft, whom he married in 1964. Brooks costarred with Bancroft in To Be or Not to Be (1983), a remake of the Ernst Lubitsch-directed film of the…

Noah Baumbach: Film career: …Gerwig wrote the script for Frances Ha, which follows a dancer (played by Gerwig) in her late twenties living in New York City and trying to settle into adulthood. Shot in black and white, it was consciously indebted to the iconic films of the French New Wave.

St. Frances of Rome ; canonized 1608; feast day March 9) was the founder of the Oblate Congregation of Tor de’ Specchi (Oblates of St. Frances of Rome), a community that, with the Olivetan Benedictines, works for the sick and the poor without taking formal religious vows. She is venerated as the

Thomas Dangerfield: …a cane by a barrister, Robert Frances; he died shortly afterward from the blow.

Giacomo Manzù: …of the war years was Francesca, a seated nude that won the Grand Prix of the Rome Quadriennale in 1942.

Francesca da Rimini was an Italian noble and the daughter of Guido da Polenta, lord of Ravenna. Her tragic love affair with Paolo Malatesta is renowned in literature and art. Married to Gianciotto Malatesta (called “the Lame”) for reasons of state, she was murdered by him when he discovered her in

Silvio Pellico: His romantic tragedy Francesca da Rimini (published 1818) was a success on its first performance (1815) and was followed by several others. He had already become one of the circle of Romantic revolutionary writers including Vincenzo Monti, Ugo Foscolo, Giovanni Berchet, and Alessandro Manzoni, and in 1818 he…

Hermann Götz: …include a less successful opera, Francesca da Rimini (1877; completed by Ernst Frank), chamber and choral works, an overture, a piano concerto, and a symphony.

Gabriele D’Annunzio: …La Gioconda (performed 1899) and Francesca da Rimini (performed 1901). He eventually broke off the relationship and exposed their intimacy in the erotic novel Il fuoco (1900; The Flame of Life). D’Annunzio’s greatest play was La figlia di Iorio (performed 1904; The Daughter of Jorio), a powerful poetic drama of…

Francesca da Rimini was an Italian noble and the daughter of Guido da Polenta, lord of Ravenna. Her tragic love affair with Paolo Malatesta is renowned in literature and art. Married to Gianciotto Malatesta (called “the Lame”) for reasons of state, she was murdered by him when he discovered her in

St. Frances of Rome ; canonized 1608; feast day March 9) was the founder of the Oblate Congregation of Tor de’ Specchi (Oblates of St. Frances of Rome), a community that, with the Olivetan Benedictines, works for the sick and the poor without taking formal religious vows. She is venerated as the

Piero della Francesca was a painter whose serene, disciplined exploration of perspective had little influence on his contemporaries but came to be recognized in the 20th century as a major contribution to the Italian Renaissance. The fresco cycle The Legend of the True Cross (1452–66) and the

Zino Francescatti was a French virtuoso violinist known for his lyrical performance style and as a champion of contemporary violin music by such composers as Darius Milhaud, Leonard Bernstein, and Karol Szymanowski. A child prodigy, Francescatti studied violin from age three. He made his debut at

Zino Francescatti was a French virtuoso violinist known for his lyrical performance style and as a champion of contemporary violin music by such composers as Darius Milhaud, Leonard Bernstein, and Karol Szymanowski. A child prodigy, Francescatti studied violin from age three. He made his debut at

Baldassare Franceschini was an Italian painter of the Baroque era. At a very early age Franceschini started as an assistant to his father, a sculptor. From 1652 to 1660 he worked on paintings in the cupola of the Niccolini Chapel in Santa Croce, Florence. His work during these years was his most

Marcantonio Franceschini was an Italian painter, a leading artist of the Bolognese school of the Baroque period. Franceschini worked in Genoa, Modena, and Rome as well as in Bologna and worked extensively for patrons in Austria and Germany. He was made director of the Clementina Academy in Bologna

Francesco Clemente: …and in one such series, Francesco Clemente Pinxit (1981), he collaborated with Indian artists trained in miniature painting traditions on a series of 24 works that combined indigenous Indian imagery with more-contemporary subject matter. He also worked collaboratively with other artists such as Jean-Michel Basquiat and Andy Warhol and worked…

St. Francis of Assisi ; canonized July 16, 1228; feast day October 4) was the founder of the Franciscan religious orders of the Friars Minor (Ordo Fratrum Minorum), the women’s Order of St. Clare (the Poor Clares; with St. Clare of Assisi), and the lay Third Order. He was also a leader of the

St. Francis of Paola ; canonized 1519; feast day April 2) was the founder of the Minim friars, a severely ascetic Roman Catholic order that does charitable work and refrains from eating meat, eggs, or dairy products. Francis was named patron of Italian sailors in 1943 by Pope Pius XII because many

Perugino: Mature work: …known portrait, a likeness of Francesco delle Opere. Perugino must have been well acquainted with the late 15th-century portraiture of Flanders, since the influence of the Flemish painter Hans Memling is unmistakable.

Francesco di Giorgio was an early Italian Renaissance painter, sculptor, architect, and designer. Remarkably versatile, a kind of Renaissance homo universale, Francesco combined the bold investigation of the humanist scholars with the conservative lyricism of the Sienese school. His early works

Francis (I) was the second grand duke (granduca) of Tuscany, a tool of the Habsburgs and father of Marie de Médicis, wife of Henry IV of France. He was appointed head of government in 1564 while his father, Cosimo I, was still alive; and he succeeded his father as grand duke in 1574. The title was

Gonzaga Dynasty: …in succession, and then Giovan Francesco I (sometimes referred to as Francesco I; d. 1407), who, although at one time allied with the treacherous Gian Galeazzo Visconti, incurred the latter’s enmity and all but lost his estates and his life in consequence; eventually he joined the Florentines and Bolognese, enemies…

Rogier van der Weyden: He painted a portrait of Francesco d’Este (originally thought to be Leonello d’Este), and his painting of the Madonna and Child that still remains in Florence (Uffizi) bears the arms and patron saints of the Medici.

Gian Lorenzo Bernini: Patronage of Innocent X and Alexander VII: The first of these, of Francesco I d’Este, duke of Modena (1650–51), culminates his revolution in portraiture. Much of the freedom and spontaneity of the bust of Cardinal Borghese is kept, but it is united with a heroic pomp and grandiose movement that portray the ideals of the Baroque age…

art market: The 15th century: …by Isabella d’Este, wife of Francesco Gonzaga III, at the ducal palace in Mantua (see also House of Este; Gonzaga dynasty). Decorated with paintings by Andrea Mantegna and other court artists, d’Este’s studiolo was designed to show off her remarkable collection of jewelry, antique cameos, and

Titian: Portraits: …secondary figure, is that of Francesco Maria della Rovere, Duke of Urbino (1536–38). Emphasis here is given to the duke’s military career, not only by the armor but also by the baton in hand and the three others in the background. These works are essentially idealized state portraits, although the…

Jacopo Bassano: …sons were all painters, and Francesco the Younger (1549–92) and Leandro (1557–1622) were important in the continuity of the workshop; many Bassano paintings are the product of a family collaboration. Francesco the Younger had a predilection for the rural scenes begun by his father, and he developed this aspect of…

Enzo Francescoli is a Uruguayan football (soccer) player who gained worldwide fame as El Príncipe (“The Prince”). After retiring from playing professional sports, he entered the business world and cofounded a television station. Francescoli took an interest in football at a young age, playing the

Enzo Francescoli is a Uruguayan football (soccer) player who gained worldwide fame as El Príncipe (“The Prince”). After retiring from playing professional sports, he entered the business world and cofounded a television station. Francescoli took an interest in football at a young age, playing the

Franceville, town, southeastern Gabon, on the east bank of the Ogooué River, just south of its confluence with the Mpassa. The French explorer Pierre Savorgnan de Brazza founded it in 1880, and until 1946 it was a part of the Middle Congo Colony. Franceville is now an active trading centre in a

Franche-Comté , historical region and former région of France. As a région, it encompassed the eastern départements of Jura, Doubs, Haute-Saône, and the Territoire de Belfort. In 2016 the Franche-Comté région was joined with the neighbouring région of Burgundy to form the new administrative entity

Switzerland: Relief and drainage: Known as the Franches Montagnes (French: “Free Mountains”), a name acquired in 1384 when the bishop of Basel freed the inhabitants from taxation to encourage settlement of the remote area, this tableland is characterized by mixed agriculture and dairying. The highest point in the Jura, Monte Tendre, at…

Louis-Félix-François Franchet d’Esperey was a marshal of France and one of the most effective French military leaders of World War I. He was responsible for driving Bulgaria out of the war, thereby opening the road to Vienna for the Allies. Trained at Saint-Cyr, d’Esperey served during the prewar

Lisa Franchetti made history in November 2023 by becoming the first woman in U.S. history to lead the U.S. Navy as chief of naval operations (CNO) and, by the same token, the first woman to join the Joint Chiefs of Staff. She was also the second woman to lead a branch of the U.S. military,

Florence: Cultural life: …renamed “Artemio Franchi,” or simply Franchi Stadium.

marketing: Franchise organizations: Franchise arrangements are characterized by a contractual relationship between a franchiser (a manufacturer, wholesaler, or service organization) and franchisees (independent entrepreneurs who purchase the right to own and operate any number of units in the franchise systems). Typified by a unique product, service,…

suffrage, in representative government, the right to vote in electing public officials and adopting or rejecting proposed legislation. The history of the suffrage, or franchise, is one of gradual extension from limited, privileged groups in society to the entire adult population. Nearly all modern

Cecil Rhodes: Policies as prime minister of Cape Colony of Cecil Rhodes: His Franchise and Ballot Act (1892) was passed, limiting the native vote by financial and educational qualifications. The Glen Grey Act (1894), assigning an area for exclusively African development, was “a Bill for Africa,” as Rhodes proudly called it. In reality it served to enforce segregation…

Cecil Rhodes: Political involvement in Africa of Cecil Rhodes: By the Franchise Law of 1890, he denied political rights to the Britons and other foreigners (Uitlanders) who had come to work the gold mines in the Transvaal. He also tried to extend Boer control to Mashonaland and Matabeleland. The ruler of the Matabele (Ndebele) was King…

Tom Seaver was an American professional baseball player and one of the game’s dominant pitchers between the late 1960s and early 1980s. During his 20-year career (1967–86), Seaver, a right-handed pitcher, posted a record of 311 wins and 205 losses with a 2.86 earned run average (ERA). He won more

Stanley Elkin: The Franchiser (1976), considered one of Elkin’s strongest works, tells of Ben Flesh, an orphaned bachelor adopted as an adult into the absurd Finsberg family of 18 twins and triplets, all with rare and incurable diseases. Like Elkin himself, Ben suffers from multiple sclerosis, and…

Maybe you’ve got an entrepreneurial streak and a keen sense of the kind of business your local community needs. And perhaps you’re willing to spend the time, effort, and cash to get it started. Still, there may be gaps in your knowledge and resources that might prevent you from opening up shop, at

Aegean civilizations: Paleolithic (Old Stone Age): Jacobsen at the Franchthi Cave on the Bay of Argos showed that boats already sailed to the island of Melos north of Crete for obsidian, a volcanic glass invaluable for early tools, by about 13,000–11,000 bc and that the cultivation of hybrid grains, the domestication of animals, and…

Île-de-France: History: …Paris was originally known as Francia, from which the name of France was derived. Under the Merovingians (476–750), Francia meant the region between the Rhine and the Seine rivers; it was restricted under the Carolingians to the country bounded by the Aisne, Oise, and Seine rivers. In the 10th and…

Francia was an Italian Renaissance artist and the major Bolognese painter of the late 15th century. He is considered one of the initiators of the Renaissance style in Bologna. He was much influenced by such Ferrarese painters as Lorenzo Costa, Francesco del Cossa, and Ercole de’ Roberti, but his

Carolingian dynasty: …Louis II the German, and Francia Media, including the Italian provinces and Rome, went to Lothar, who also inherited the title of emperor.

Carolingian dynasty: Francia Occidentalis in the west went to Charles II the Bald, Francia Orientalis in the east went to Louis II the German, and Francia Media, including the Italian provinces and Rome, went to Lothar, who also inherited the title of emperor.

Carolingian dynasty: …to Charles II the Bald, Francia Orientalis in the east went to Louis II the German, and Francia Media, including the Italian provinces and Rome, went to Lothar, who also inherited the title of emperor.

Jean-Auguste-Dominique Ingres: Maturity: …post of director of the Académie de France in Rome and set off for Italy in December 1834.

José Gaspar Rodríguez de Francia was the dictator of Paraguay whose intensely personal rule and policy of self-sufficiency left the nation both isolated and without alternative political institutions. Francia was trained in theology but turned to the practice of law. In 1811 he became secretary to

Ippolito Pindemonte: …Paris inspired the poem “La Francia” (1789) and a prose satire on political conditions in Europe, Abaritte (1790). Disillusioned by the French Revolution’s Reign of Terror, Pindemonte left for London, Berlin, and Vienna. On his return to Italy his Prose campestri, a companion volume to the earlier poetry, was…

Franciabigio was an Italian Renaissance painter, best known for his portraits and religious paintings. His style included early Renaissance, High Renaissance, and proto-Mannerist elements. Franciabigio had completed an apprenticeship under his father, a weaver, by 1504. He probably then trained

Pierre de Ronsard: …he made slow progress with La Franciade, which he intended to be the national epic; this somewhat halfhearted imitation of Virgil’s great Latin epic, the Aeneid, was abandoned after the death of Charles IX, the four completed books being published in 1572. After the accession of Henry III, who did…

János Batsányi: …his most famous political poem, A franciaországi változásokra (1789; “On the Changes in France”). After being imprisoned in Hungary for a year, he moved in 1796 to Vienna, where he married the Austrian poet Gabriella Baumberg. He supported Napoleon and finally settled in Paris, where he was seized by the…

Francien dialect, the medieval dialect of Old French that furnishes the basis for the literary and official form of the modern French language. Francien was spoken in the region of Île-de-France, which included the city of Paris, and its preeminence is an indication of the political and

Francis (I) was the second grand duke (granduca) of Tuscany, a tool of the Habsburgs and father of Marie de Médicis, wife of Henry IV of France. He was appointed head of government in 1564 while his father, Cosimo I, was still alive; and he succeeded his father as grand duke in 1574. The title was

Francis ushered in a new era of leadership in the Roman Catholic Church when he was elected pope in 2013. As the first pope from the Western Hemisphere, the first from South America, and the first from the Jesuit order, Francis brought many reforms to the church and a reputation for humility. His

Albert, Prince Consort was the prince consort of Queen Victoria of Great Britain and father of King Edward VII. Although Albert himself was undeservedly unpopular, the domestic happiness of the royal couple was well known and helped to assure the continuation of the monarchy, which was by no means

Frank Sinatra: The Reprise years and Republican affiliation: songwriter Antônio Carlos Jobim, Francis Albert Sinatra & Antonio Carlos Jobim (1967), rank among Sinatra’s greatest albums. He also had chart success during the decade with the hit singles “Strangers in the Night” (1966), “That’s Life” (1967), and “My Way” (1969). The last of these, written for him by…

Dorchester: Francis Beidler Forest is the largest remaining stand of virgin bald cypress and tupelo trees in the world. From Colleton State Park to Givhans Ferry State Park, the Edisto River is a state canoe and kayak trail.

St. Francis of Sales ; canonized 1665; feast day January 24) was a Roman Catholic bishop of Geneva who was active in the struggle against Calvinism and cofounded the order of Visitation nuns. He wrote the devotional classic Introduction to a Devout Life, which emphasizes that spiritual perfection

Cheyenne: Russell (1867) became Fort Francis E. Warren in 1930 and as an air force base was designated (1957) as headquarters for the nation’s first Atlas intercontinental ballistic missile base. The State Capitol with its lantern-type cupola atop a 145-foot (44-metre) dome displays Western murals within. The Wyoming State…

polio: The age of the vaccine: Called the Francis Field Trial after Thomas Francis, Jr., a University of Michigan professor who directed it, the test involved 1.8 million children in the first, second, and third grades across the United States. The trial was declared a success on April 12, 1955, and over the…

Francis ushered in a new era of leadership in the Roman Catholic Church when he was elected pope in 2013. As the first pope from the Western Hemisphere, the first from South America, and the first from the Jesuit order, Francis brought many reforms to the church and a reputation for humility. His

Francis I was the duke of Brittany (from 1442), son of John V (or VI). He had his brother Gilles thrown into prison and put to death for allegedly spying for the English, with whom he warred (1449–50). The king of France intervened and expelled the English from

Francis I was the king of France (1515–47), the first of five monarchs of the Angoulême branch of the House of Valois. A Renaissance patron of the arts and scholarship, a humanist, and a knightly king, he waged campaigns in Italy (1515–16) and fought a series of wars with the Holy Roman Empire

Francis I was the king of the Two Sicilies from 1825. The son of Ferdinand I and Maria Carolina, Francis at first inclined toward liberalism. After the introduction of the constitution of 1812, which provided for a bicameral government along British lines, he was appointed vicario, or regent, of

Francis I was the Holy Roman emperor from Sept. 13, 1745; he was duke of Lorraine (as Francis Stephen) from 1729 to 1735 and grand duke of Tuscany from 1737. Although nominally outranking his wife, Maria Theresa, archduchess of Austria and queen of Hungary and Bohemia, the capable but easygoing

Francis II was the last Holy Roman emperor (1792–1806) and, as Francis I, emperor of Austria (1804–35); he was also, as Francis, king of Hungary (1792–1830) and king of Bohemia (1792–1836). He supported the conservative political system of Metternich in Germany and Europe after the Congress of

Francis II was the king of the Two Sicilies from 1859 until his deposition in 1860, the last of the Bourbons of Naples. He was the only son of Ferdinand II by his first consort, Maria Cristina of Savoy. Timid and suspicious, he was easily overruled in state and family councils. Upon his accession

Francis II was the duke of Brittany from 1458, who succeeded his uncle, Arthur III; he maintained a lifelong policy of Breton independence in the face of encroachments by the French crown. The problems of Breton independence were magnified by the fact that Francis had no sons; the fate of his

Francis II was the last Holy Roman emperor (1792–1806) and, as Francis I, emperor of Austria (1804–35); he was also, as Francis, king of Hungary (1792–1830) and king of Bohemia (1792–1836). He supported the conservative political system of Metternich in Germany and Europe after the Congress of

Francis II was the king of France from 1559, who was dominated throughout his reign by the powerful Guise family. The eldest son of Henry II and Catherine de Médici, Francis was married in April 1558 to Mary Stuart, queen of Scots and niece of François, duc de Guise, and of Charles, cardinal of

Italy: The rebellions of 1831 and their aftermath: …in the duke of Modena, Francis IV of Habsburg-Este, who was looking for an opportunity to expand his small state. But when Francis discovered that the Austrian police knew of the plot, he had Menotti and others arrested. Nevertheless, the revolt spread to the Romagna and to all parts of…

Franz Joseph was the emperor of Austria (1848–1916) and king of Hungary (1867–1916), who divided his empire into the Dual Monarchy, in which Austria and Hungary coexisted as equal partners. In 1879 he formed an alliance with Prussian-led Germany, and in 1914 his ultimatum to Serbia led Austria and

Francis Joseph II, prince of Liechtenstein built Liechtenstein into one of the wealthiest countries in Europe during his reign, which extended from 1938 to 1989. Francis Joseph II studied forestry engineering at the Forestry and Agricultural University in Vienna. He was appointed to the throne by

Francis I was the king of France (1515–47), the first of five monarchs of the Angoulême branch of the House of Valois. A Renaissance patron of the arts and scholarship, a humanist, and a knightly king, he waged campaigns in Italy (1515–16) and fought a series of wars with the Holy Roman Empire

St. Francis of Assisi ; canonized July 16, 1228; feast day October 4) was the founder of the Franciscan religious orders of the Friars Minor (Ordo Fratrum Minorum), the women’s Order of St. Clare (the Poor Clares; with St. Clare of Assisi), and the lay Third Order. He was also a leader of the

Francis I was the Holy Roman emperor from Sept. 13, 1745; he was duke of Lorraine (as Francis Stephen) from 1729 to 1735 and grand duke of Tuscany from 1737. Although nominally outranking his wife, Maria Theresa, archduchess of Austria and queen of Hungary and Bohemia, the capable but easygoing

Francis Of Meyronnes was a Franciscan monk, one of the principal philosopher–theologians of 14th-century Scholasticism and a leading advocate of the subtle system of Realism proposed by the English Scholastic John Duns Scotus. A student of Duns Scotus at the University of Paris, Francis became a

St. Francis of Paola ; canonized 1519; feast day April 2) was the founder of the Minim friars, a severely ascetic Roman Catholic order that does charitable work and refrains from eating meat, eggs, or dairy products. Francis was named patron of Italian sailors in 1943 by Pope Pius XII because many

St. Francis of Sales ; canonized 1665; feast day January 24) was a Roman Catholic bishop of Geneva who was active in the struggle against Calvinism and cofounded the order of Visitation nuns. He wrote the devotional classic Introduction to a Devout Life, which emphasizes that spiritual perfection