philosophy of physics: The general theory of relativity: …of differential equations, the so-called Einstein field equations, relating the geometry of space-time to the distribution of mass and energy within it. The general theory of relativity consists of a law to the effect that the four-dimensional geometry of space-time and the four-dimensional distribution of mass and energy within space-time…

African American literature: The turn of the 21st century: …Nebulas for Babel-17 (1966) and The Einstein Intersection (1967) and a Hugo for the autobiographical The Motion of Light in Water (1988). The voices of novelist John Edgar Wideman (who twice won the PEN/Faulkner Award given by the international writers’ organization Poets, Playwrights, Editors, Essayists, and Novelists [PEN]) and his

Erich Mendelsohn: …commission after the war, the Einstein Tower, Potsdam (1919–21). This bizarre, highly sculptured structure caused an immediate sensation. He had intended the structure to convey the possibilities of poured concrete, but a shortage of this material necessitated the substitution of brick covered with cement. The hat factory of Steinberg, Hermann…

Riccardo Giacconi: Called the Einstein Observatory (launched 1978), it examined stellar atmospheres and supernova remnants, identified many X-ray double stars (some containing suspected black holes), and detected X-ray sources in other galaxies. In 1976 Giacconi proposed a still more powerful instrument, which was finally launched in 1999 as the…

Philip Glass: Glass’s opera Einstein on the Beach (1976; revived 2012), composed in collaboration with American playwright and artist Robert Wilson, earned him broader acclaim; this work showed a renewed interest in classical Western harmonic elements, though his interest in startling rhythmic and melodic changes remained the work’s most…

electricity: Photoelectric conductivity: …W) is known as the Einstein relation, and its experimental verification helped to establish the validity of quantum theory. The energy of the electrons depends on the frequency of the light, while the intensity of the light determines the rate of photoelectric emission.

Erich Mendelsohn: …commission after the war, the Einstein Tower, Potsdam (1919–21). This bizarre, highly sculptured structure caused an immediate sensation. He had intended the structure to convey the possibilities of poured concrete, but a shortage of this material necessitated the substitution of brick covered with cement. The hat factory of Steinberg, Hermann…

principles of physical science: Conservation of mass-energy: …the seeds of the general mass–energy relationship developed by Einstein in his special theory of relativity; E = mc2 expresses the association of mass with every form of energy. Neither of two separate conservation laws, that of energy and that of mass (the latter particularly the outcome of countless experiments…

Martin Amis: His short-story collection Einstein’s Monsters (1987) finds stupidity and horror in a world filled with nuclear weapons. The forced-labour camps under Soviet leader Joseph Stalin are the subject of both the nonfiction Koba the Dread (2002) and the novel House of Meetings (2006). In his novel The Pregnant…

Albert Einstein was a German-born physicist who developed the special and general theories of relativity and won the Nobel Prize for Physics in 1921 for his explanation of the photoelectric effect. Einstein is generally considered the most influential physicist of the 20th century. (Read Einstein’s

Albert Brooks is an American actor, comedian, writer, and director who was best known for his comedies. Brooks was the son of a radio comedian and grew up in Beverly Hills, where his childhood friends included Rob Reiner, son of comedy icon Carl Reiner. He studied drama at Carnegie Tech (now

Alfred Einstein was an eminent German-American musicologist and critic. Einstein was born into a family of scholars (Albert Einstein was his cousin), and, as a young man, studied law for a year before completing his doctorate (1903) in musicology and composition at the University of Munich. As the

Hannah Bachman Einstein was an American social worker who launched a successful campaign to establish municipal, state, and national boards and associations for child welfare. Hannah Bachman married William Einstein in 1881. She developed an interest in charitable work, and from its founding in

Bose-Einstein statistics, one of two possible ways in which a collection of indistinguishable particles may occupy a set of available discrete energy states. The aggregation of particles in the same state, which is characteristic of particles obeying Bose-Einstein statistics, accounts for the

cosmology: The Einstein–de Sitter universe: In 1932 Einstein and de Sitter proposed that the cosmological constant should be set equal to zero, and they derived a homogeneous and isotropic model that provides the separating case between the closed and open Friedmann models; i.e., Einstein and de Sitter…

cosmology: The Einstein–de Sitter universe: In 1932 Einstein and de Sitter proposed that the cosmological constant should be set equal to zero, and they derived a homogeneous and isotropic model that provides the separating case between the closed and open Friedmann models; i.e., Einstein and de Sitter…

Albert Einstein: Increasing professional isolation and death: …quantum theory led to the EPR (Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen) thought experiment. According to quantum theory, under certain circumstances two electrons separated by huge distances would have their properties linked, as if by an umbilical cord. Under these circumstances, if the properties of the first electron were measured, the state of the second…

adsorption chiller: Public acceptance of the Einstein-Szilard chiller was hampered by the device’s high energy cost, the onset of the Great Depression in 1929, and the introduction of freon (a key component of compressor cooling units) in 1930.

einsteinium (Es), synthetic chemical element of the actinoid series of the periodic table, atomic number 99. Not occurring in nature, einsteinium (as the isotope einsteinium-253) was first produced by intense neutron irradiation of uranium-238 during the detonation of nuclear weapons. This isotope

Willem Einthoven was a Dutch physiologist who was awarded the 1924 Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine for his discovery of the electrical properties of the heart through the electrocardiograph, which he developed as a practical clinical instrument and an important tool in the diagnosis of heart

Immanuel Kant: Critic of Leibnizian rationalism: …Demonstration des Daseyns Gottes” (“Enquiry into the Proofs for the Existence of God”), he sharply criticized the Leibnizian concept of Being by charging that the so-called ontological argument, which would prove the existence of God by logic alone, is fallacious because it confuses existential with attributive statements: existence, he…

Hegelianism: Sociopolitical radicalism: …first trend was Stirner’s book Der Einzige und sein Eigentum (1845; “The Individual and His Property”), in which the fundamental thesis of individualistic anarchism can be discerned. The unique entity, in Stirner’s view, is the individual, who must rebel against the attempt made by every authority and social organization to…

Friedrich Hölderlin: …“Friedensfeier” (“Celebration of Peace”), “Der Einzige” (“The Only One”), and “Patmos,” products of a mind on the verge of madness, are apocalyptic visions of unique grandeur. He also completed verse translations of Sophocles’ Antigone and Oedipus Tyrannus, published in 1804. In this year a devoted friend, Isaak von Sinclair,…

tayra, (Eira barbara), weasel-like mammal of tropical forests from southern Mexico through South America to northern Argentina. The tayra is short-legged, yet slender and agile, weighing from 2.7 to 7 kg (5.95 to 15.4 pounds). The body, measuring about 60–68 cm (24–27 inches), is covered with

Ireland, country of western Europe occupying five-sixths of the westernmost major island of the British Isles. The magnificent scenery of Ireland’s Atlantic coastline faces a 2,000-mile- (3,200-km-) wide expanse of ocean, and its geographic isolation has helped it to develop a rich heritage of

Ireland, island off the northwestern coast of mainland Europe that is the westernmost major island of the British Isles. It is divided politically into Ireland (which occupies the southern five-sixths of the island) and Northern Ireland (a constituent part of the United Kingdom). It is bounded on

Irish Sea, arm of the North Atlantic Ocean that separates Ireland from Great Britain. The Irish Sea is bounded by Scotland on the north, England on the east, Wales on the south, and Ireland on the west. The sea is connected with the Atlantic by the North Channel between Northern Ireland and

Peace, comedy by Aristophanes, performed at the Great Dionysia in 421 bce. The plot concerns the flight to heaven on a monstrous dung beetle by a war-weary farmer, Trygaeus (“Vintager”), who searches for the lost goddess Peace only to discover that the God of War has buried her in a pit. With the

Cephisodotus the Elder: …noted work of his was Eirene (Peace) Bearing Plutus (Wealth), a grouping recalled in Praxiteles’ more-famous Hermes Carrying the Infant Dionysus. Cephisodotus should not be confused with Cephisodotus the Younger, a son of Praxiteles, noted for portrait sculptures, none of which has survived.

Erik I was the king of Norway (c. 930–935) and later king of Northumberland (948, 952–954). On the death of his father, Harald I Fairhair, first king of united Norway, Erik attempted to make himself sole king of Norway, defeating and slaying two of his brothers to whom vassal kingdoms had been

Erik the Red was the founder of the first European settlement on Greenland (c. 985) and the father of Leif Erikson, one of the first Europeans to reach North America. According to the Icelanders’ sagas, Erik left his native Norway for western Iceland with his father, Thorvald, who had been exiled

Viking: The western seas, Vinland, and Ireland: … (“Saga of the Greenlanders”) and Eiríks saga rauða (“Erik the Red’s Saga”)—offer somewhat different accounts of the first Viking visits to North America, which they called Vinland (land of wild grapes). According to the Grænlendinga saga, the first European to sight mainland North America was Bjarni Herjólfsson, whose Greenland-bound ship…

Lough Erne, lake in Fermanagh district (established 1973), formerly County Fermanagh, Northern Ireland. It is 40 miles (64 km) long and has an average width of 5 miles (8 km) and a maximum depth of 200 feet (60 m). The lake consists of the shallow Upper Lough Erne, 12 miles (19 km) long, and Lower

irony: …in the Greek comic character Eiron, a clever underdog who by his wit repeatedly triumphs over the boastful character Alazon. The Socratic irony of the Platonic dialogues derives from this comic origin. Feigning ignorance and humility, Socrates goes about asking silly and obvious questions of all sorts of people on…

Socrates: Life and personality of Socrates: …the ancient Greek term) his eirôneia. Although this is the term from which the English word irony is derived, there is a difference between the two. To speak ironically is to use words to mean the opposite of what they normally convey, but it is not necessarily to aim at…

telecommunications media: The radio-frequency spectrum: …remote receiving antenna is the effective isotropic radiated power (EIRP), measured in watts per metre squared. To achieve high EIRP the antenna dimensions should be several times larger than the largest transmitted wavelength. For frequencies below the medium frequency (MF) band, where wavelengths range upward from 100 metres (about 330…

National Environmental Policy Act: Called an environmental impact statement (EIS), it describes the expected environmental effects of the action—including adverse impacts, reasonable alternatives, and any irreversible changes—and assesses both short- and long-term gains.. The EIS is reviewed by the Office of Federal Activities within the Environmental Protection Agency. Notices of EAs…

Arsenius the Great: …the Gospel According to Luke, Eis ton peirastēn nomikon (“On the Temptation of the Law”), in effect is also a treatise on asceticism and the contemplative life. These texts are contained in the series Patrologia Graeca, vol. 65–66 (1857–66), edited by J.-P. Migne.

history of logic: Transmission of Greek logic to the Latin West: … and of Porphyry of Tyre’s Isagoge (“Introduction,” on Aristotle’s Categories), although these translations were not very influential. He also wrote logical treatises of his own. A short De dialectica (“On Dialectic”), doubtfully attributed to St. Augustine (354–430), shows evidence of Stoic influence, although it had little influence of its own.…

Alypius: …author of Eisagōgē mousikē (Introduction to Music), a work that contains tabular descriptions of two forms of ancient Greek notation; the tables indicate the interaction of the notation with the Greek modal system. Although the work was written well after the music in question, it is of fundamental importance…

Buddhism: Dhyana (Chan/Zen): …and may have studied with Eisai for a time. Like Eisai, whom he held in high esteem, Dōgen went to China, where he fell under the influence of a Chinese Chan master. Upon his return to Japan, he taught the discipline of “sitting straight” (Japanese: zazen), the practice of meditation…

Areopagus: …prosecutions under the law of eisangelia (“impeachment”) for unconstitutional acts. As a court under the presidency of the archōn basileus, it also decided cases of murder.

Donn Eisele was a U.S. astronaut who served as command module pilot on the Apollo 7 mission (October 11–22, 1968), the first manned flight of the Apollo program. Eisele graduated from the U.S. Naval Academy, Annapolis, Maryland, in 1952 and transferred to the U.S. Air Force the next year. He

Donn Eisele was a U.S. astronaut who served as command module pilot on the Apollo 7 mission (October 11–22, 1968), the first manned flight of the Apollo program. Eisele graduated from the U.S. Naval Academy, Annapolis, Maryland, in 1952 and transferred to the U.S. Air Force the next year. He

Bantu Education Act: The Eiselen Commission Report (1951) urged the government to take charge of education for Black South Africans in order to make it part of a general socioeconomic plan for the country. In addition, the report stated that the schooling should be tailored toward the needs and…

gymnastics: Developments in Europe: Ernst Eiselen, Jahn’s assistant and coauthor of Die Deutsche Turnkunst (1816; The German Gymnastic Art), carefully noted and explained the various exercises developed on the playground. The pommel horse was used for leg-swinging exercises and for vaulting. Jahn invented the parallel bars to increase the…

Bantu Education Act: …a commission, headed by anthropologist W.W.M. Eiselen, to study and make recommendations for the education of native South Africans. The Eiselen Commission Report (1951) urged the government to take charge of education for Black South Africans in order to make it part of a general socioeconomic plan for the country.…

Bantu Education Act: …a commission, headed by anthropologist W.W.M. Eiselen, to study and make recommendations for the education of native South Africans. The Eiselen Commission Report (1951) urged the government to take charge of education for Black South Africans in order to make it part of a general socioeconomic plan for the country.…

Loren Eiseley was an American anthropologist, educator, and author who wrote about anthropology for the lay person in an eloquent, poetic style. Eiseley was educated at the University of Nebraska (B.A., 1933) and the University of Pennsylvania (M.A., 1935; Ph.D., 1937) and began his academic career

Loren Eiseley was an American anthropologist, educator, and author who wrote about anthropology for the lay person in an eloquent, poetic style. Eiseley was educated at the University of Nebraska (B.A., 1933) and the University of Pennsylvania (M.A., 1935; Ph.D., 1937) and began his academic career

Dhaulagiri: …a Swiss expedition led by Max Eiselin reached the summit. The name of the peak is derived from two Sanskrit words meaning “white mountain.”

Anton, baron von Eiselsberg was an Austrian surgeon, teacher, and researcher who carried out important studies in the physiology of the thyroid gland and surgery of the central nervous system. Eiselsberg studied medicine at Vienna, Würzburg, Zürich, and Paris. In 1884 he received his M.D. from

Eisenach, city, Thuringia Land (state), central Germany. It lies on the northwestern slopes of the Thuringian Forest, at the confluence of the Hörsel and Nesse rivers, west of the city of Erfurt. Founded by the landgraves of Thuringia about 1150, Eisenach fell to the Saxon house of Wettin in 1264

Bil and Cora Baird: He married Cora Eisenberg, who had acted under the name of Cora Burlar, in 1937. In the following years, they made their own puppets, built scenery, wrote scripts, and composed the music for their puppet shows.

Jesse Eisenberg is an American actor, writer, and director best known for playing smart but awkward characters. He appeared in such popular movies as The Squid and the Whale (2005) and Zombieland (2009) before his star-making turn as Facebook cofounder Mark Zuckerberg in The Social Network (2010).

Eisenerz, town, east-central Austria, in the Erzbach Valley, at the northern foot of Erzberg (Ore Mountain; 5,033 feet [1,534 metres]), northwest of Leoben. Iron was mined on Erzberg by terraced open-pit methods beginning in Roman times, and Eisenerz (“Iron Ore”) was long the principal centre of

Eisenhower Doctrine, (January 5, 1957), in the Cold War period after World War II, U.S. foreign-policy pronouncement by Pres. Dwight D. Eisenhower promising military or economic aid to any Middle Eastern country needing help in resisting communist aggression. The doctrine was intended to check

Eisenhower Trophy, golf trophy awarded to the winner of a biennial international amateur competition open to teams of three or four players from all nations. The competition was first held, under sponsorship of the World Amateur Golf Council, in 1958, and the trophy was named for President Dwight

Dwight D. Eisenhower was the 34th president of the United States (1953–61), who had been supreme commander of the Allied forces in western Europe during World War II. Eisenhower was the third of seven sons of David Jacob and Ida Elizabeth (Stover) Eisenhower. In the spring of 1891 the Eisenhowers

Dwight D. Eisenhower was the 34th president of the United States (1953–61), who had been supreme commander of the Allied forces in western Europe during World War II. Eisenhower was the third of seven sons of David Jacob and Ida Elizabeth (Stover) Eisenhower. In the spring of 1891 the Eisenhowers

Dwight D. Eisenhower was the 34th president of the United States (1953–61), who had been supreme commander of the Allied forces in western Europe during World War II. Eisenhower was the third of seven sons of David Jacob and Ida Elizabeth (Stover) Eisenhower. In the spring of 1891 the Eisenhowers

Mamie Eisenhower was an American first lady (1953–61), the wife of Dwight (“Ike”) Eisenhower, 34th president of the United States and supreme commander of the Allied forces in western Europe during World War II. Mamie Doud, the last first lady born in the 19th century, was the second of four

annelid: Annotated classification: …cm; examples of genera: Haplotaxis, Eisenia, Lumbricus (earthworm), Megascolides. Order Moniligastrida Male gonopores, 1 or 2 pairs on segment posterior to testes; clitellum 1 cell thick; 4 pairs of setae per segment; size, minute to 3 m; examples of genera: Moniligaster,

2026 Israeli Elections: Gadi Eisenkot and Benny Gantz: Gadi Eisenkot (Eizenkot) and Benny Gantz are former IDF chiefs of staff who participated in Netanyahu’s war cabinet in the first year of the Israel-Hamas War. They were highly critical of Netanyahu’s handling of the war, particularly for his lack of an exit strategy, and…

Peter Eisenman is an American architect known for his radical designs and architectural theories. He is often characterized as a deconstructivist. Eisenman studied at Cornell University, Ithaca, New York (B.A., 1955), Columbia University, New York City (M.S., 1960), and the University of Cambridge

Peter Eisenman is an American architect known for his radical designs and architectural theories. He is often characterized as a deconstructivist. Eisenman studied at Cornell University, Ithaca, New York (B.A., 1955), Columbia University, New York City (M.S., 1960), and the University of Cambridge

euro sign: Design: One was Arthur Eisenmenger, who claimed to have created the design while serving as a graphic designer for the European Economic Community—a position in which he originated the EU flag and its “CE” symbol for consumer-goods quality control. Another claimant was Belgian graphic designer Alain Billiet, who…

pottery: Stoneware: …almost black variety was termed Eisenporzellan (“iron porcelain”), and a black glaze was devised by Böttger to cover specimens of defective colour. Decoration is usually effected by means of applied reliefs, although the black-glazed specimens were sometimes decorated with lacquer colours, as well as with gold and silver. Silvering was…

Eisenstadt, city, capital (since 1925) of Burgenland Bundesland (federal state), eastern Austria. It lies at the southern end of the Leitha Mountains, south of Vienna. Mentioned in 1264, it was a free city of Hungary from 1648 until Burgenland was ceded to Austria in 1921. Eisenstadt’s notable

Hunedoara, city, Hunedoara judeƫ (county), west-central Romania, in the eastern foothills of the iron-ore-bearing Poiana Ruscăi Mountains, 185 miles (300 km) northwest of Bucharest. The ore deposits at nearby Ghelari and Teliucu were known in Roman times. Hunedoara Castle, west of the city, was

Donna Tartt: Background and education: Easton Ellis, Jonathan Lethem, and Jill Eisenstadt.

Alfred Eisenstaedt was a pioneering German-born American photojournalist whose images, many of them for Life magazine, established him as one of the first and most important photojournalists. Eisenstaedt served in the German army in World War I from 1916 to 1918, sustaining injuries in both legs.

Ferdinand Gotthold Max Eisenstein was a German mathematician who made important contributions to number theory. Eisenstein’s family converted to Protestantism from Judaism just before his birth. He was the oldest of six children and the only one of them to survive childhood meningitis. Eisenstein

Sergei Eisenstein was a Russian film director and theorist whose work includes the three film classics Battleship Potemkin (1925), Alexander Nevsky (1938), and Ivan the Terrible (released in two parts, 1944 and 1958). In his concept of film montage, images, perhaps independent of the “main” action,

Sergei Eisenstein was a Russian film director and theorist whose work includes the three film classics Battleship Potemkin (1925), Alexander Nevsky (1938), and Ivan the Terrible (released in two parts, 1944 and 1958). In his concept of film montage, images, perhaps independent of the “main” action,

Sergei Eisenstein was a Russian film director and theorist whose work includes the three film classics Battleship Potemkin (1925), Alexander Nevsky (1938), and Ivan the Terrible (released in two parts, 1944 and 1958). In his concept of film montage, images, perhaps independent of the “main” action,

Iron Cross, Prussian military decoration instituted in 1813 by Frederick William III for distinguished service in the Prussian War of Liberation. Use of the decoration was revived by William I for the Franco-Prussian War of 1870, recreated in 1914 for World War I, and last revived by Adolf Hitler o

Frederick Charles, prince of Prussia was a prince of Prussia and a Prussian field marshal, victor in the Battle of Königgrätz (Sadowa) on July 3, 1866. The eldest son of Prince Charles of Prussia and nephew of the future German emperor William I, Frederick Charles was educated from childhood for a

Yeysk, city, Krasnodar kray (territory), southwestern Russia. It was founded as a port in 1848 on the southern side of Taganrog Gulf of the Sea of Azov. Fishing and associated industries (fish canning) are important; other industries include agricultural processing. The city is a noted health

Eisleben, city, Saxony-Anhalt Land (state), central Germany. It is situated in the eastern foothills of the Harz Mountains. First mentioned in 994 as a market called Islebia and in 1180 as a town, it belonged to the counts of Mansfeld until it passed to Saxony in 1780. It was assigned to Prussia in

theatre music: Music for motion pictures: Hanns Eisler, a German-born composer, formed his own theories of film music, based on empirical experience composing in this medium. His published findings recommended short musical forms in a film context, the composer’s conscious awareness of the film’s realistic sound element (the “where” and “when”…

Will Eisner: Tributes and legacy: The Will Eisner Comic Industry Awards were established in his name in 1988. The Eisners, which are considered the Academy Awards of the American comic book industry, are presented annually at the San Diego Comic-Con.

Kurt Eisner was a German socialist journalist and statesman who organized the Socialist Revolution that overthrew the monarchy in Bavaria (1918). Eisner studied literature and neo-Kantian philosophy with Hermann Cohen at the University of Marburg. In 1892 he published Friedrich Nietzsche und die

Michael Eisner is an American business and entertainment executive who was known for his role in reviving the fortunes of, successively, the television network ABC, the film studio Paramount Pictures, and the Disney Company. Eisner grew up in a wealthy family and graduated from a private boarding

Michael Eisner is an American business and entertainment executive who was known for his role in reviving the fortunes of, successively, the television network ABC, the film studio Paramount Pictures, and the Disney Company. Eisner grew up in a wealthy family and graduated from a private boarding

Will Eisner was an American comics artist who was a pioneer of the American comic book industry. Eisner is best remembered for creating the series The Spirit, featuring the titular crime-fighting superhero, which was published from 1940 to 1952. Eisner’s book A Contract with God, and Other Tenement

Will Eisner was an American comics artist who was a pioneer of the American comic book industry. Eisner is best remembered for creating the series The Spirit, featuring the titular crime-fighting superhero, which was published from 1940 to 1952. Eisner’s book A Contract with God, and Other Tenement

ice cave: The Eisriesenwelt (“Ice Giant World”) in Austria exhibits a frozen landscape that extends 42 km (26.1 miles).

Eisstockschiessen, a game played on ice in the winter and on asphalt or other surfaces during the rest of the year, similar to curling and shuffleboard. The game became popular in Bavaria and Austria by the late 19th century. Teams consist of four players and one substitute. The rink is 28 metres

Clara Zetkin was a German feminist, Socialist, and Communist leader, who after World War I played a leading role in the new Communist Party of Germany (Kommunistische Partei Deutschlands; KPD) and the Comintern (Third International). Clara Eissner was educated at the Leipzig Teachers’ College for

Eisstockschiessen, a game played on ice in the winter and on asphalt or other surfaces during the rest of the year, similar to curling and shuffleboard. The game became popular in Bavaria and Austria by the late 19th century. Teams consist of four players and one substitute. The rink is 28 metres

eisteddfod, formal assembly of Welsh bards and minstrels that originated in the traditions of court bards of medieval times. The modern National Eisteddfod, revived in the 19th century and held each summer alternately in a site in North or South Wales, has been broadened to include awards for

eisteddfod, formal assembly of Welsh bards and minstrels that originated in the traditions of court bards of medieval times. The modern National Eisteddfod, revived in the 19th century and held each summer alternately in a site in North or South Wales, has been broadened to include awards for

eisteddfod, formal assembly of Welsh bards and minstrels that originated in the traditions of court bards of medieval times. The modern National Eisteddfod, revived in the 19th century and held each summer alternately in a site in North or South Wales, has been broadened to include awards for

Confederation of Indian Industry (CII), trade association representing the interests of Indian businesses in various sectors, chiefly including engineering, manufacturing, consulting, and services. The organization was founded as the Engineering and Iron Trades Association (EITA) in 1895. It

minimum wage: Economic debate and alternatives: …alternatives to minimum-wage laws include Earned Income Tax Credit (EITC) programs, which aid low-wage earners through decreased taxes and tax refunds, and an unconditional social-security system known as basic income, which periodically provides citizens with a lump sum of money.

Søren Kierkegaard: Stages on life’s way: …one of the essays of Either/Or, the aesthete sees boredom as the root of all evil and is preoccupied with making life interesting; and the famous seducer in the same volume seems less concerned with sex than with the fascinating spectacle of watching himself seduce his victim.

Robert Eitner was a German musicologist, editor, and bibliographer. Largely self-taught in music, Eitner in 1853 settled in Berlin, where he gave lessons and performed his own compositions in concerts. In 1863 he opened a music school, but his growing interest in historical research led him to

Ibiza, island, Balearic Islands provincia (province) and comunidad autónoma (autonomous community), Spain. Ibiza is the third largest of the Balearic Islands. It lies in the western Mediterranean 50 miles (80 km) southwest of Majorca. The island was a strategic point of great importance in ancient

Spain: Phoenicians of Spain: Eivissa (Ibiza) became a major Carthaginian colony, and the island produced dye, salt, fish sauce, and wool. A shrine with offerings to the goddess Tanit was established in the cave at Es Cuyram, and the Balearic Islands entered Eivissa’s commercial orbit after 400 bce. In 237…