fortification: Other fort series: …impregnable of the Belgian forts, Eben Emael, in a matter of hours in the first two days of the campaign against France and the Low Countries in 1940 startled the world. Arriving silently on the night of May 10 in gliders, troops landed atop the fort and began systematically to…

Eben Fardd was a Welsh-language poet, the last of the 19th-century bards to contribute works of genuine poetic distinction to the eisteddfods (poetic competitions). His best-known poems include Dinystr Jerusalem (“Destruction of Jerusalem”), an ode that won the prize at the Welshpool eisteddfod

Irving Bacheller: Bacheller became extremely popular for Eben Holden: A Tale of the North Country (1900), which sold more than 1,000,000 copies. This novel about a hired man gives an authentic picture of 19th-century farm life and character in upper New York state. D’ri and I (1901), a novel about the Battle…

Eben Fardd was a Welsh-language poet, the last of the 19th-century bards to contribute works of genuine poetic distinction to the eisteddfods (poetic competitions). His best-known poems include Dinystr Jerusalem (“Destruction of Jerusalem”), an ode that won the prize at the Welshpool eisteddfod

Ericales: Ebenaceae: Ebenaceae, the persimmon or ebony family, includes trees and shrubs placed in four genera, with about 855 species found throughout the tropics and some also in temperate regions. Diospyros (about 800 species) occurs throughout the family’s range. Ebenaceae often have two-ranked leaves that lack…

African dance: Rhythm: …foot to the other; for Ebenebe, a stamping pattern leads into a cartwheel; Iza requires an upright carriage with high kicks; Nkpopi is a leaping dance; Etukwa requires the torso to be inclined to the earth as the feet drum a staccato beat; Nzaukwu Nabi is a stamping step with…

Ebenezer Baptist Church, Baptist church located in Atlanta, noteworthy as the church where Martin Luther King, Jr., and members of his family worshipped and led. Known as “America’s freedom church,” Ebenezer Baptist served as a gathering and organizing place during the American civil rights

Amana Colonies: …where they established the communal Ebenezer Society. In 1855 about 1,200 members moved westward to Iowa, where 18,000 acres (7,300 hectares), later expanded to 26,000 acres (10,500 hectares), had been purchased. This new home was called Amana (after a mountain range in Lebanon referred to in Song of Solomon 4:8…

interior design: Renaissance to the end of the 18th century: …of cabinets—came to be called ébénistes, a term that remains the French equivalent of the English “cabinetmaker.”) Many ancient Roman furniture-decorating techniques were revived. Inlaying with a variety of coloured woods, with ivory, mother-of-pearl, and tortoiseshell, with a mosaic of coloured stones known as pietra dura, and with painting and…

Ebensee, town, north-central Austria, where the Traun River enters Lake Traun (Traunsee) in the Salzkammergut region, south of Gmunden. Feuer Peak (5,241 feet [1,598 metres]) of the Höllen Mountains overlooks the town. Ebensee was first cited in 1450 and established a saltworks in 1607. The town

Heinrich Eberbach was a German tank force commander in World War II. Eberbach entered the German army in July 1914 and fought on the Western Front during World War I, reaching the rank of lieutenant before he was wounded and taken prisoner by the French in 1915. After being freed in a

Eberhard was the duke of Franconia from 918. The brother of Conrad I, duke of Franconia and German king (911–918), Eberhard in 915 supported his brother’s ineffectual action against the rebellious duke of Saxony, Henry the Fowler. On Conrad’s death Henry became king as Henry I, probably at Conrad’s

Eberhard I was a count, later the 1st duke of Württemberg (from 1495), an administrative and ecclesiastic reformer who laid the foundations for Württemberg’s role in German history. Eberhard expanded his territories and in 1482 established primogeniture and settled the succession to his holdings.

Eberhard I was a count, later the 1st duke of Württemberg (from 1495), an administrative and ecclesiastic reformer who laid the foundations for Württemberg’s role in German history. Eberhard expanded his territories and in 1482 established primogeniture and settled the succession to his holdings.

Württemberg: Duke Eberhard Louis (reigned 1693–1733) improved the duchy’s defenses and schools, built the celebrated Ludwigsburg Palace, and admitted Waldensian refugees from France, who introduced the textile and other industries into the duchy.

Bad Gandersheim: …at Gandersheim, and the priest Eberhard of Gandersheim (flourished early 13th century) wrote a rhyming chronicle that is probably the earliest historical work composed in Low German.

Johann August Eberhard was a German philosopher and lexicographer who defended the views of Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz against those of Immanuel Kant and compiled a dictionary of the German language that remained in use for a century. After studying theology at the University of Halle, Eberhard

Martin Eberhard and Marc Tarpenning: Eberhard grew up in Kensington, Calif., and studied at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, where he earned a bachelor’s degree (1982) in computer engineering and a master’s degree (1984) in electrical engineering. He then held a number of positions, including electrical engineer at Wyse…

Martin Eberhard and Marc Tarpenning are American entrepreneurs who cofounded the electric car company Tesla Motors. Eberhard grew up in Kensington, Calif., and studied at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, where he earned a bachelor’s degree (1982) in computer engineering and a

University of Tübingen, state-supported university at Tübingen, Ger. It was founded in 1477 by Count Eberhard VI (1445–96), later the first duke of Württemberg, a civic and ecclesiastic reformer who established the school after becoming absorbed in the Renaissance revival of learning during his

el-Oued: …so-called by the French writer-adventurer Isabella Eberhardt (1877–1904). The town’s fortress mosque and use of arcades and arches reflect both Moorish and Roman influence.

Charles Wakefield Cadman: …about age 19 he met Nellie Richmond Eberhart, who would write most of his song lyrics and opera librettos. In his early 20s he held various jobs, pursuing music studies as he could. From 1908 to 1910 he was music critic for the Pittsburgh Dispatch. A visit to an Omaha…

Richard Eberhart was an American poet and teacher who was noted for his lyric verse and for his mentorship of aspiring poets. Educated at the University of Minnesota, Dartmouth College (B.A., 1926), the University of Cambridge (B.A., 1929; M.A., 1933), and Harvard University, Eberhart published his

Richard Eberhart was an American poet and teacher who was noted for his lyric verse and for his mentorship of aspiring poets. Educated at the University of Minnesota, Dartmouth College (B.A., 1926), the University of Cambridge (B.A., 1929; M.A., 1933), and Harvard University, Eberhart published his

Swan Service: …by Johann Joachim Kändler and Johann Friedrich Eberlein. Made for Heinrich, Count von Brühl, the factory director, it was composed of 2,200 pieces modeled and painted in the Rococo style with such aquatic motifs as swans and water nymphs. It is probably the single finest table service ever made in…

Ebers papyrus, Egyptian compilation of medical texts dated about 1550 bc, one of the oldest known medical works. The scroll contains 700 magical formulas and folk remedies meant to cure afflictions ranging from crocodile bite to toenail pain and to rid the house of such pests as flies, rats, and

Ebers papyrus: …Ebers papyrus was acquired by George Maurice Ebers, German Egyptologist and novelist, in 1873.

Ebers papyrus: …Ebers papyrus was acquired by George Maurice Ebers, German Egyptologist and novelist, in 1873.

Eberswalde, city, Brandenburg Land (state), northeastern Germany. It lies in the Thorn-Eberswalder glacial valley, approximately 30 miles (50 km) northeast of Berlin. Occupation of the area from the early Bronze Age is attested by the discovery in 1913 of a gold hoard dating from about the 11th to

Eberswalde, city, Brandenburg Land (state), northeastern Germany. It lies in the Thorn-Eberswalder glacial valley, approximately 30 miles (50 km) northeast of Berlin. Occupation of the area from the early Bronze Age is attested by the discovery in 1913 of a gold hoard dating from about the 11th to

Carl Ebert was a German-born opera director who, as artistic director and producer of the Glyndebourne Festival Opera from 1935 to 1959, established new standards of production in British opera. Ebert started his career as an actor in 1909 and went on to direct the Darmstadt State Theatre before

Friedrich Ebert was a leader of the Social Democratic movement in Germany and a moderate socialist, who was a leader in bringing about the constitution of the Weimar Republic, which attempted to unite Germany after its defeat in World War I. He was president of the Weimar Republic from 1919 to

rubber: The rise of synthetic rubber: …and in 1926 the German G. Ebert succeeded in producing a sodium-polymerized rubber from butadiene. During the following decade this material evolved into various types of “buna” rubber (so called from the initial syllables of the two materials used to make them: butadiene and natrium [sodium]).

Roger Ebert was an American film critic, perhaps the best known of his profession, who became the first person to receive a Pulitzer Prize for film criticism (1975). Ebert’s journalism career began at the Champaign-Urbana News-Gazette, where he worked as a sportswriter from age 15. He was on the

Roger Ebert was an American film critic, perhaps the best known of his profession, who became the first person to receive a Pulitzer Prize for film criticism (1975). Ebert’s journalism career began at the Champaign-Urbana News-Gazette, where he worked as a sportswriter from age 15. He was on the

Ebetsu, city, western Hokkaido, northern Japan. It lies on the lower Ishikari River, about 10 miles (16 km) northeast of Sapporo. Ebetsu originated as a colonial farm village settled by 10 families from the Japanese main island of Honshu in the early Meiji period (1868–1912). It is a satellite city

Kangxi: Early life: first administered by Sonin, Suksaha, Ebilun, and Oboi—four conservative Manchu courtiers from the preceding reign. One of the first political acts of the four imperial advisers was to replace the so-called Thirteen Offices (Shisan Yanmen) with a Neiwufu (Dorgi Yamun), or Office of Household. The Thirteen Offices, all organized solely…

Ebionite, member of an early ascetic sect of Jewish Christians. The Ebionites were one of several such sects that originated in and around Palestine in the first centuries ad and included the Nazarenes and Elkasites. The name of the sect is from the Hebrew ebyonim, or ebionim (“the poor”); it was

Igbira, inhabitants of the areas northeast and southwest of the confluence of the Niger and Benue rivers in central Nigeria. Their language is usually classified as a Nupoid variety within the Benue-Congo branch of the Niger-Congo language family. The two main habitats within the Igbira area are a

Benue-Congo languages: Nupoid: Ebira (1,000,000). They are spoken in the area north and west of the confluence of the Niger and Benue rivers.

Ebisu, in Japanese mythology, one of the Shichi-fuku-jin (“Seven Gods of Luck”), the patron of fishermen and tradesmen. He is depicted as a fat, bearded, smiling fisherman often carrying a rod in one hand and a tai (sea bream—i.e., a red snapper—symbolic of good luck) in the other. He is a popular

When it comes to a company’s financial statements, net income, earnings per share (EPS), and revenue are the numbers that grab the headlines. But when analysts are doing a deeper dive to examine a company’s profitability and potential for future growth, they calculate other values from the income

EBITDA is an acronym that stands for earnings before interest, taxes, depreciation, and amortization. By removing these elements from profits, EBITDA presents an alternative way to view a company’s net income. Investors and analysts use EBITDA as a metric to evaluate a company’s performance. It’s

Tsuruya Namboku IV was a Japanese Kabuki playwright of the late Tokugawa period (1603–1867), known for his plays with supernatural themes and macabre and grotesque characters. Little is known of his early years, but in 1755 he became an apprentice of the dramatist Sakurada Jisuke I. About 1780 he

bridge: Bridge tournaments: …championships were conducted by the European Bridge League (EBL), founded the same year. These tournaments continued through 1937 and were resumed in 1946. At the annual tournament of the EBL held in Oslo, Norway, in 1958, the World Bridge Federation was formed to control the world championship matches as previously…

Ebla, ancient city 33 miles (53 km) southwest of Aleppo in northwestern Syria. During the height of its power (c. 2600–2240 bce), Ebla dominated northern Syria, Lebanon, and parts of northern Mesopotamia (modern Iraq) and enjoyed trade and diplomatic relations with states as far away as Egypt,

Eblaite language, archaic Semitic language, probably the most ancient to survive in substantial form, dating from the third quarter of the 3rd millennium bc. As a Northern Central Semitic language, Eblaite is affiliated with the Afro-Asiatic (formerly Hamito-Semitic) family of languages.

3D printing: …is electron beam melting (EBM); here the laser apparatus is replaced by an electron gun, which focuses a powerful electrically charged beam onto the powder under vacuum conditions. The most-advanced DMLS and EBM processes can make final products of advanced steel, titanium, and cobalt-chromium alloys.

machine tool: Electron-beam machining (EBM): The EBM technique is used for cutting fine holes and slots in any material. In a vacuum chamber, a beam of high-velocity electrons is focused on a workpiece. The kinetic energy of the electrons, upon striking the workpiece, changes to heat, which vaporizes…

Marie, baroness von Ebner-Eschenbach was an Austrian novelist who portrayed life among both the poor and the aristocratic. Her first literary venture was the drama Maria Stuart in Schottland (1860), but she found her true sphere in narrative. In Die Prinzessin von Banalien (1872), Božena (1876),

In 1803, having just overpowered their captors on a small slave vessel off the coast of a small island in Georgia, a group of Igbo people chose death over a life of enslavement and defiantly waded into the cool coastal waters and drowned. One of the largest mass suicides of enslaved West Africans

Ebbo of Reims was an archbishop whose pioneering missions to the North helped prepare the ground for the Christianization of Denmark and who exercised significant influence on contemporary arts. Born a royal serf, Ebbo was educated and ordained a priest in the Carolingian court, where he became a

ebolavirus, genus of viruses in the family Filoviridae, certain members of which are particularly fatal in humans and nonhuman primates. In humans, ebolaviruses are responsible for Ebola virus disease (EVD), an illness characterized primarily by fever, rash, vomiting, diarrhea, and hemorrhaging.

Ebola, contagious disease caused by a virus of the family Filoviridae that is responsible for a severe and often fatal viral hemorrhagic fever. Outbreaks in primates—including gorillas, chimpanzees, and humans—and domestic pigs have been recorded. The disease is characterized by extreme fever,

Ebola, contagious disease caused by a virus of the family Filoviridae that is responsible for a severe and often fatal viral hemorrhagic fever. Outbreaks in primates—including gorillas, chimpanzees, and humans—and domestic pigs have been recorded. The disease is characterized by extreme fever,

outbreak of Ebola virus disease that ravaged countries in western Africa in 2014–16 and was noted for its unprecedented magnitude. By January 2016, suspected and confirmed cases had totaled more than 28,600, and reported deaths numbered about 11,300, making the outbreak significantly larger than

outbreak of Ebola virus disease that ravaged countries in western Africa in 2014–16 and was noted for its unprecedented magnitude. By January 2016, suspected and confirmed cases had totaled more than 28,600, and reported deaths numbered about 11,300, making the outbreak significantly larger than

Ebola: DRC, 2018–20: The second largest Ebola outbreak on record began in April 2018 in North Kivu province in the eastern region of the DRC. The outbreak persisted for more than a year. By November 2019, some 3,178 cases had been confirmed, with 2,196 deaths. The initial epicenter of the outbreak…

2026 Ebola outbreak in Central Africa, sudden, escalating spread of Ebola virus disease centered in the Ituri province in northeastern Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) that was first detected in April 2026 and was caused by Bundibugyo virus, a rare strain of Ebola virus. The outbreak was

ebolavirus: …are five species of ebolaviruses: Zaire ebolavirus, Sudan ebolavirus, Taï Forest ebolavirus, Reston ebolavirus, and Bundibugyo ebolavirus. The viruses representative of those species are commonly referred to as Ebola virus (EBOV), Sudan virus (SUDV), Taï Forest virus (TAFV), Reston virus (RESTV), and Bundibugyo virus

Ebola, contagious disease caused by a virus of the family Filoviridae that is responsible for a severe and often fatal viral hemorrhagic fever. Outbreaks in primates—including gorillas, chimpanzees, and humans—and domestic pigs have been recorded. The disease is characterized by extreme fever,

ebolavirus, genus of viruses in the family Filoviridae, certain members of which are particularly fatal in humans and nonhuman primates. In humans, ebolaviruses are responsible for Ebola virus disease (EVD), an illness characterized primarily by fever, rash, vomiting, diarrhea, and hemorrhaging.

Eboli, town, Campania regione, southern Italy, east of the city of Salerno. The higher and older section of the town dominates the Sele Plain. Historical monuments include a castle of the Colonna family and the small Romanesque-style Basilica of San Pietro alli Marmi (1150). Eboli is an

Ebolowa, town located in southwestern Cameroon. It lies 70 miles (112 km) south-southwest of Yaoundé, at the intersection of roads to Kribi (west), Yaoundé (northeast), and the neighbouring country of Gabon (south). Ebolowa is a centre of the cocoa trade. An agricultural school operates

African American Vernacular English (AAVE), variety of American English spoken by a large proportion of Black Americans. Many scholars hold that AAVE, like several English creoles, developed from contacts between nonstandard varieties of colonial English and African languages. Its exact origins

Ebony, monthly magazine geared to a middle-class African American readership. It was the first Black-oriented magazine in the United States to attain national circulation. Ebony was founded in 1945 by John H. Johnson of Chicago, whose first publishing venture was the pocket-size Negro Digest

ebony, wood of several species of trees of the genus Diospyros (family Ebenaceae), widely distributed in the tropics. The best is very heavy, almost black, and derived from heartwood only. Because of its colour, durability, hardness, and ability to take a high polish, ebony is used for cabinetwork

Ericales: Ebenaceae: Ebenaceae, the persimmon or ebony family, includes trees and shrubs placed in four genera, with about 855 species found throughout the tropics and some also in temperate regions. Diospyros (about 800 species) occurs throughout the family’s range. Ebenaceae often have two-ranked leaves that lack…

shōzoku: …be either the black lacquered-silk eboshi, for less formal attire, or the more elaborate kanmuri, worn with the saifuku costume. Priests usually carry a shaku, a flat wooden sceptre, either held in the hand or thrust into the belt.

Abydos, prominent sacred city and one of the most important archaeological sites of ancient Egypt. The site, located in the low desert west of the Nile River near Al-Balyanā, was a necropolis for the earliest Egyptian royalty and later a pilgrimage centre for the worship of Osiris. The western

Félix Éboué was a black colonial administrator who reached the highest level of the French colonial administrative system and played a crucial role in the adherence of French Equatorial Africa to Charles de Gaulle’s Free France in 1940. Éboué graduated from the École Coloniale, a prestigious school

Félix Éboué was a black colonial administrator who reached the highest level of the French colonial administrative system and played a crucial role in the adherence of French Equatorial Africa to Charles de Gaulle’s Free France in 1940. Éboué graduated from the École Coloniale, a prestigious school

ebolavirus: …are five species of ebolaviruses: Zaire ebolavirus, Sudan ebolavirus, Taï Forest ebolavirus, Reston ebolavirus, and Bundibugyo ebolavirus. The viruses representative of those species are commonly referred to as Ebola virus (EBOV), Sudan virus (SUDV), Taï Forest virus (TAFV), Reston virus (RESTV), and Bundibugyo virus

breeder reactor: …first experimental breeder reactor, designated EBR-1, was developed in 1951 by U.S. scientists at the National Reactor Testing Station (now called Idaho National Engineering Laboratory), near Idaho Falls, Idaho. France, Great Britain, Japan, and the Soviet Union subsequently built experimental breeders. Although interest in breeder reactors waned after the 1960s…

nuclear reactor: From production reactors to commercial power reactors: A much larger experimental breeder, EBR-II, was developed and put into service (with power generation) in 1963.

Mosāferīd Dynasty: Ebrāhīm II (ruled 997–c. 1030) was able to reestablish Mosāferīd control over Daylam and to expand southward as far as Zanjān. After Ebrāhīm’s death, however, the history of the dynasty becomes fragmentary; Ebrāhīm’s descendants ruled in Daylam, first as vassals of the Ghaznavids and then…

Sīmjūrid Dynasty: His descendant Ebrāhīm Sīmjūrī became governor of Khorāsān during the reign of the Sāmānid Nūḥ I. Ebrāhīm’s son Abū ol-Ḥasan Sīmjūrī created a virtually independent principality centred in Qohestān in southern Khorāsān. Abū ol-Ḥasan’s son Abū ʿAlī added Herāt to the domains.

European Bank for Reconstruction and Development (EBRD), organization established in 1991 to develop a private business sector in the countries of central and eastern Europe after the collapse of communism in the region. The EBRD provides project financing for banks, industries, and businesses in

Benedict de Spinoza: The period of the Ethics of Benedict de Spinoza: …the Dialogues on Love by Leone Ebreo (also known as Judah Abravanel), written in the early 16th century. Spinoza had a copy in Spanish in his library. This text is the source of the key phrases that Spinoza uses at the end of Part V to describe the culmination of…

Ebro River, river, the longest in Spain. The Ebro rises in springs at Fontibre near Reinosa in the Cantabrian Mountains, in the Cantabria province of northern Spain. It flows for 565 miles (910 km) in a southeasterly course to its delta on the Mediterranean coast in Tarragona province, midway

Pyrenees: Climate of Pyrenees: …Pyrenees the valley of the Ebro—which runs in a general northwest–southeast direction and is blocked by the southwest–northeast-trending Catalonian ranges near the eastern coast of Spain—acts as a “little continent.” Hence, its climate is one of great thermal contrasts that are exaggerated by the generally high altitude of the Iberian…

Ebroïn was the mayor of the palace in the Frankish kingdom of Neustria for some 20-odd years, from 656. After his Merovingian puppet king, Chlotar III, died in 673, Ebroïn took it upon himself to appoint Chlotar’s brother, Theuderic III, as successor. Irate at the lack of consultation, the magnates

ebullism, formation of bubbles in the bodily fluids because of an extreme reduction in the surrounding pressure. Aircraft pilots are susceptible to ebullism when they venture into the upper atmosphere; the higher the pilot goes, the lower the surrounding pressure becomes. In the atmospheric

Lake Neuchâtel, largest lake wholly in Switzerland; its area of 84 square miles (218 square km) is divided among the cantons of Neuchâtel, Vaud, Fribourg, and Bern. Lakes Neuchâtel, Biel (Bienne), and Morat, connected by canals, are survivors of a former glacial lake in the lower Aare valley, at

Johann Heinrich Pestalozzi: …1825 a boarding school at Yverdon, near Neuchâtel. Both schools relied for funds on fee-paying pupils, though some poor children were taken in, and these institutes served as experimental bases for proving his method in its three branches—intellectual, moral, and physical, the latter including vocational and civic training. They also…

Eburon Glacial Stage, division of Pleistocene time in northern Europe (the Pleistocene Epoch began about 2.6 million years ago and ended about 11,700 years ago). The Eburon Glacial Stage preceded the Waal Interglacial Stage and followed the Tegelen (Tiglian) Interglacial Stage, which were both

history of the Low Countries: The Roman period: …Schelde and the Rhine, the Eburones and the Aduatuci; and, in what is now Luxembourg, the Treveri. North of the Rhine, the Frisii (Frisians) were the principal inhabitants, although the arrival of the Romans brought about a number of movements: the Batavi came to the area of the lower reaches…

Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), virus of the Herpesviridae family that is the major cause of acute infectious mononucleosis, a common syndrome characterized by fever, sore throat, extreme fatigue, and swollen lymph glands. Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) was first reported by British scientists M.A. Epstein,

Eike Batista: …under the rubric of his EBX Group. Like EBX, each of those corporations had an X in its name, which for Batista symbolized the multiplication of wealth. And indeed, Batista’s net worth grew exponentially after 2007—the year he founded OGX, his oil and gas company. He wasted no time in…

European Commission (EC), an institution of the European Union (EU) and its constituent entities that makes up the organization’s executive arm. The EC also has legislative functions, such as proposing new laws for the European Parliament, and judicial functions, such as finding legal solutions to

electron capture, one of three processes of radioactive disintegration known as beta decay

European Community (EC), former association designed to integrate the economies of Europe. The term also refers to the “European Communities,” which originally comprised the European Economic Community (EEC), the European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC; dissolved in 2002), and the European Atomic

human digestive system: Serotonin: …amino acid 5-hydroxytrytophan in the enterochromaffin cells (EC) and in other similar cells called enterochromaffin-like cells (ECL). These cells also secrete histamine and kinins, which likewise have important messenger functions in glandular secretions and on blood vessels. Serotonin acts in paracrine fashion. Both EC and ECL cells are widely distributed…

Earth Council Alliance (ECA), network of nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) and individuals dedicated to promoting sustainable development. The Earth Council Alliance specifically supports the sustainability goals articulated in three documents: the Earth Charter, an international declaration

Marshall Plan: Hoffman, the Economic Cooperation Administration (ECA), a specially created bureau, distributed over the next four years some $13 billion worth of economic aid, helping to restore industrial and agricultural production, establish financial stability, and expand trade. Direct grants accounted for the vast majority of the aid, with…

José Maria de Eça de Queirós was a novelist committed to social reform who introduced naturalism and realism to Portugal. He is considered to be one of the greatest Portuguese novelists and is certainly the leading 19th-century Portuguese novelist. His works have been translated into many

José Maria de Eça de Queirós was a novelist committed to social reform who introduced naturalism and realism to Portugal. He is considered to be one of the greatest Portuguese novelists and is certainly the leading 19th-century Portuguese novelist. His works have been translated into many

Andrée Putman: …furnishings and interior design business, Écart, in 1978. Although she had turned her back on a career in music, her training informed her design practice—she reinterpreted the balance, harmony, and rhythm of musical composition in her designs through the restraint of simple lines, monochromatic colours, and unique combinations of materials.…

écarté, card game usually played for a stake with nonplayers making side bets. The game was highly popular in France and England in the 19th century but declined thereafter. The play is by two hands, though more players frequently participate by betting with or against either player. A pack of 32

Giambattista Giraldi: His Ecatommiti (1565), 112 stories collected according to the pattern of Boccaccio’s Decameron, aimed at stylistic distinction and, in the manner of Matteo Bandello, showed an appreciation for direct narrative. They are moralistic in tone and were translated and imitated in France, Spain, and England; Shakespeare’s…