George Gissing: He also wrote Charles Dickens: A Critical Study (1898), a perceptive piece of literary criticism.

Charles Edward, the Young Pretender , also known as the Young Pretender, was the last serious Stuart claimant to the British throne and leader of the unsuccessful Jacobite rebellion of 1745–46. Charles’s grandfather was the exiled Roman Catholic king James II (ruled 1685–88), and his father, James

Charles Emmanuel I was the duke of Savoy who alternated alliances with France and Spain, taking advantage of the European power struggle in order to further his expansionist policy. A skilled soldier and shrewd politician, he was a capable ruler of Savoy, governing with moderation, promoting

Charles Emmanuel II was the duke of Savoy from 1638 to 1675, during a period of restoration and consolidation in the whole of Piedmont. A younger son of Victor Amadeus I of Savoy, Charles Emmanuel acceded at the age of four on the death of his brother, Francis Hyacinth, who had reigned as duke for

Charles Emmanuel III was the king of Sardinia–Piedmont and an extremely skilled soldier whose aid other European countries often solicited for the many wars of his time. Having received a military and political education, Charles Emmanuel succeeded his father, Victor Amadeus II, in 1730. During the

Charles Emmanuel IV was a weak but religious king of Sardinia–Piedmont who was forced to abdicate to the French after ruling for only six years. Charles Emmanuel succeeded to the throne vacated by his father, Victor Amadeus III, on Oct. 14, 1796. When his kingdom was disturbed by several republican

Charles Emmanuel I was the duke of Savoy who alternated alliances with France and Spain, taking advantage of the European power struggle in order to further his expansionist policy. A skilled soldier and shrewd politician, he was a capable ruler of Savoy, governing with moderation, promoting

Friedrich Schiller: Early years and plays: …Ludwigsburg, the residence of Duke Karl Eugen of Württemberg. Johann Kaspar gave his son Friedrich a sound grammar school education until the age of 13 when, in deference to what amounted to a command from his despotic sovereign, he reluctantly agreed to send his boy to the Military Academy (the…

Charles Felix was the duke of Savoy and king of Sardinia–Piedmont (1821–31). The 11th child of Victor Amadeus III, he succeeded to his position when his brother Victor Emmanuel I abdicated in the face of an uprising of revolutionaries who demanded a new constitution. The revolution collapsed upon

Charles Frederick was the grand duke of Baden, a conscientious and liberal ruler who made his territories into a model of prosperity and effective government through his reforms based on the ideas of the Enlightenment. Charles Frederick succeeded to the margravate of Baden-Durlach in 1746, and his

ballad: Crime: “Tom Dooley” and “Charles Guiteau,” the scaffold confession of the assassin of Pres. James A. Garfield, are the best known American examples.

Charles I was a courtly, pious king of Hungary who restored his kingdom to the status of a great power and enriched and civilized it. Charles was the son of Charles Martel of Anjou-Naples and Clemencia of Habsburg, daughter of the Holy Roman emperor Rudolf I. As great-grandson of Stephen V and with

Charles I was the king of Great Britain and Ireland (1625–49), whose authoritarian rule and quarrels with Parliament provoked a civil war that led to his execution. Charles was the second surviving son of James VI of Scotland and Anne of Denmark. He was a sickly child, and, when his father became

Charles I (or II) was the duke of Lorraine and an ally of the Burgundian faction in the internal strife that divided France during the Hundred Years’ War. He succeeded in uniting Lorraine with the duchy of Bar. Becoming duke in 1391, he followed his father’s example in allying Lorraine with the

Charles I was the duke of Lower Lorraine, head of the only surviving legitimate line of the Carolingian dynasty by 987, and an unsuccessful claimant for the French throne. Son of Louis IV of France and Gerberga, sister of Otto I of Germany, Charles was banished by his brother, King Lothar, in 977.

Charlemagne was the king of the Franks (768–814), king of the Lombards (774–814), and first emperor (800–814) of the Romans and of what was later called the Holy Roman Empire. Around the time of the birth of Charlemagne—conventionally held to be 742 but likely to be 747 or 748—his father, Pippin

Charles I was the king of Naples and Sicily (1266–85), the first of the Angevin dynasty, and creator of a great but short-lived Mediterranean empire. The younger brother of Louis IX of France, Charles acquired the county of Provence in 1246 and accompanied Louis on his Egyptian Crusade (1248–50).

Albret Family: His son, Charles I d’Albret, constable of France, died at the Battle of Agincourt (1415).

Charles IV was the king of France and of Navarre (as Charles I) from 1322, the last of the direct line of the Capetian dynasty. His inglorious reign was marked by his invasion of Aquitaine and by political intrigues with his sister Isabella, wife of King Edward II of England. After the death of his

Charles V was the Holy Roman emperor (1519–56), king of Spain (as Charles I; 1516–56), and archduke of Austria (as Charles I; 1519–21), who inherited a Spanish and Habsburg empire extending across Europe from Spain and the Netherlands to Austria and the Kingdom of Naples and reaching overseas to

Charles I (or II) was the duke of Lorraine and an ally of the Burgundian faction in the internal strife that divided France during the Hundred Years’ War. He succeeded in uniting Lorraine with the duchy of Bar. Becoming duke in 1391, he followed his father’s example in allying Lorraine with the

Charles II (or III) was the duke of Lorraine from 1545, whose reign is noted for its progress and prosperity. Charles was the son of Francis I of Lorraine and Christina of Denmark. On his father’s death in 1545, his mother became regent for him, and in 1552 Charles was taken to Paris by Henry II of

Charles II was the king of Great Britain and Ireland (1660–85), who was restored to the throne after years of exile during the Puritan Commonwealth. The years of his reign are known in English history as the Restoration period. His political adaptability and his knowledge of men enabled him to

Charles II was the king of France (i.e., Francia Occidentalis, the West Frankish kingdom) from 843 to 877 and Western emperor from 875 to 877. (He is reckoned as Charles II both of the Holy Roman Empire and of France.) Son of the emperor Louis I the Pious and his second wife, Judith, Charles was

Charles II was the king of Naples and ruler of numerous other territories, who concluded the war to regain Sicily started by his father, Charles I. By making astute alliances and treaties, he greatly enlarged his dominions. Named prince of Salerno (1269) by his father and married by him to Maria,

Charles II was the king of Navarre from 1349, who made various short-lived attempts to expand Navarrese power in both France and Spain. He was the son and successor of Joan of France, queen of Navarre, and Philip, count of Évreux. Married in 1352 to Joan, daughter of John II of France, he demanded

Charles II was the king of Spain from 1665 to 1700 and the last monarch of the Spanish Habsburg dynasty. Charles’s reign opened with a 10-year regency under the queen mother, during which the government was preoccupied with combatting the ambitions of the French king Louis XIV in the Low Countries

Philibert Berthelier: …the powerful duke of Savoy, Charles III, to maintain the independence of Geneva.

Charles III was the king of Naples (1381–86) and king (as Charles II) of Hungary (1385–86). A leading figure of the Hungarian branch of the Angevin dynasty, he was an astute politician who won both of his thrones by triumphing over rival claimants. Charles was educated at the court of Louis I of

Charles III was a Frankish king and emperor, whose fall in 887 marked the final disintegration of the empire of Charlemagne. (Although he controlled France briefly, he is usually not reckoned among the kings of France). The youngest son of Louis the German and great-grandson of Charlemagne, Charles

Charles III (or IV) was the duke of Lorraine whose resentment against encroaching French power led to a lifelong fight against France. Charles was the son of Francis, brother of Duke Henry II of Lorraine. Charles married Henry’s daughter Nicole and became duke consort in 1624 when Henry died.

Charles III is the king of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland from September 8, 2022. He is the eldest child of Queen Elizabeth II and Prince Philip, duke of Edinburgh. After being the longest-serving monarch-in-waiting in British history, Charles ascended the throne at age

Charles III was the king of Navarre (1387–1425), eldest son of Charles II the Bad. Unlike his father, he pursued a consistent policy of peace both with Castile (which in gratitude restored certain districts to Navarre) and with France. By the treaty of Paris (1404) Charles not only renounced the

Charles II (or III) was the duke of Lorraine from 1545, whose reign is noted for its progress and prosperity. Charles was the son of Francis I of Lorraine and Christina of Denmark. On his father’s death in 1545, his mother became regent for him, and in 1552 Charles was taken to Paris by Henry II of

Charles VI was the Holy Roman emperor from 1711 and, as Charles III, archduke of Austria and king of Hungary. As pretender to the throne of Spain (as Charles III), he attempted unsuccessfully to reestablish the global empire of his 16th-century ancestor Charles V. He was the author of the Pragmatic

Charles III was the count of Valois from 1285 and of Anjou and Maine from 1290. He was the son of a king, brother of a king, uncle of three kings, and a father of a king. Though he himself never gained a crown, he sought at various times those of Aragon, France, Constantinople, and the Holy Roman

Charles III was the king of Spain (1759–88) and king of Naples (as Charles VII, 1734–59), one of the “enlightened despots” of the 18th century, who helped lead Spain to a brief cultural and economic revival. Charles was the first child of Philip V’s marriage with Isabella of Parma. Charles ruled as

Charles III was the king of France (893–922), whose authority came to be accepted by Lorraine and who settled the Northmen in Normandy but who became the first Carolingian ruler of the western kingdom to lose his crown. The posthumous son of Louis II the Stammerer by a marriage of contested

Charles Philip Arthur George was born to be king, and in many ways he has helped redefine the British monarchy. The longest-serving heir apparent in the country’s history, Charles often broke with royal tradition, and he was the first royal to grow up in the glare of an increasingly invasive media.

Santa María Island, one of the southernmost Galapagos Islands, in the eastern Pacific Ocean about 600 miles (965 km) west of mainland Ecuador. Originally named for the British king Charles II, it is also known as Isla Floreana, but the official Ecuadoran name is Isla Santa María. The island, with

Charles (I) was the emperor (Kaiser) of Austria and, as Charles IV, king of Hungary, the last ruler of the Austro-Hungarian monarchy (November 21, 1916–November 11, 1918). A grandnephew of the emperor Franz Joseph, Charles became heir presumptive to the Habsburg throne upon the assassination of his

Charles IV was a German king and king of Bohemia from 1346 to 1378 and Holy Roman emperor from 1355 to 1378, one of the most learned and diplomatically skillful sovereigns of his time. He gained more through diplomacy than others did by war, and through purchases, marriages, and inheritance he

Charles IV was the king of Spain (1788–1808) during the turbulent period of the French Revolution, who succeeded his father Charles III. Lacking qualities of leadership himself, Charles entrusted the government (1792) to Manuel de Godoy, a protégé of the queen, Maria Luisa of Parma. Their adherence

Charles IV was the king of France and of Navarre (as Charles I) from 1322, the last of the direct line of the Capetian dynasty. His inglorious reign was marked by his invasion of Aquitaine and by political intrigues with his sister Isabella, wife of King Edward II of England. After the death of his

Charles III (or IV) was the duke of Lorraine whose resentment against encroaching French power led to a lifelong fight against France. Charles was the son of Francis, brother of Duke Henry II of Lorraine. Charles married Henry’s daughter Nicole and became duke consort in 1624 when Henry died.

Charles IV (or V) Leopold was the duke of Lorraine and Bar, Austrian field marshal who commanded the forces defeating the Turks before the gates of Vienna in 1683 and subsequently expelled them from most of Hungary. Charles, a nephew of Duke Charles III (or IV), entered the Austrian army in 1664

Henry Cowell: …his wife, Sidney Cowell, wrote Charles Ives and His Music (1955). A number of well-known American composers, including John Cage, Lou Harrison, and George Gershwin, studied with and were influenced by Cowell.

Charles IX was the virtual ruler of Sweden (1599–1604) and king (1604–11) who reaffirmed Lutheranism as the national religion and pursued an aggressive foreign policy leading to war with Poland (1605) and Denmark (1611). The youngest son of the Swedish king Gustav I Vasa, Charles in 1568 was one of

Charles IX was the king of France from 1560, remembered for authorizing the massacre of Protestants on St. Bartholomew’s Day, August 23–24, 1572, on the advice of his mother, Catherine de Médicis. The second son of Henry II and Catherine, Charles became king on the death of his brother Francis II,

Charles XIV John was a French Revolutionary general and marshal of France (1804), who was elected crown prince of Sweden (1810), becoming regent and then king of Sweden and Norway (1818–44). Active in several Napoleonic campaigns between 1805 and 1809, he subsequently shifted allegiances and formed

Charles VI was the king of France who throughout his long reign (1380–1422) remained largely a figurehead, first because he was still a boy when he took the throne and later because of his periodic fits of madness. Crowned on October 25, 1380, at Reims at the age of 11, Charles remained under the

Charles IV was the king of France and of Navarre (as Charles I) from 1322, the last of the direct line of the Capetian dynasty. His inglorious reign was marked by his invasion of Aquitaine and by political intrigues with his sister Isabella, wife of King Edward II of England. After the death of his

Charles VII was the king of France from 1422 to 1461, who succeeded—partly with the aid of Joan of Arc—in driving the English from French soil and in solidifying the administration of the monarchy. Before ascending the throne he was known as the Dauphin and was regent for his father, Charles VI,

Charles VI was the king of France who throughout his long reign (1380–1422) remained largely a figurehead, first because he was still a boy when he took the throne and later because of his periodic fits of madness. Crowned on October 25, 1380, at Reims at the age of 11, Charles remained under the

Charles was the count of Flanders (1119–27), only son of St. Canute, or Canute IV of Denmark, by Adela, daughter of Robert I the Frisian, count of Flanders. After the assassination of Canute in 1086, his widow took refuge in Flanders, taking with her her son. Charles was brought up by his mother

Charles IV was the king of France and of Navarre (as Charles I) from 1322, the last of the direct line of the Capetian dynasty. His inglorious reign was marked by his invasion of Aquitaine and by political intrigues with his sister Isabella, wife of King Edward II of England. After the death of his

Charles II was the king of France (i.e., Francia Occidentalis, the West Frankish kingdom) from 843 to 877 and Western emperor from 875 to 877. (He is reckoned as Charles II both of the Holy Roman Empire and of France.) Son of the emperor Louis I the Pious and his second wife, Judith, Charles was

Charlemagne was the king of the Franks (768–814), king of the Lombards (774–814), and first emperor (800–814) of the Romans and of what was later called the Holy Roman Empire. Around the time of the birth of Charlemagne—conventionally held to be 742 but likely to be 747 or 748—his father, Pippin

Charles II (or III) was the duke of Lorraine from 1545, whose reign is noted for its progress and prosperity. Charles was the son of Francis I of Lorraine and Christina of Denmark. On his father’s death in 1545, his mother became regent for him, and in 1552 Charles was taken to Paris by Henry II of

Charles III was a Frankish king and emperor, whose fall in 887 marked the final disintegration of the empire of Charlemagne. (Although he controlled France briefly, he is usually not reckoned among the kings of France). The youngest son of Louis the German and great-grandson of Charlemagne, Charles

Charles I (or II) was the duke of Lorraine and an ally of the Burgundian faction in the internal strife that divided France during the Hundred Years’ War. He succeeded in uniting Lorraine with the duchy of Bar. Becoming duke in 1391, he followed his father’s example in allying Lorraine with the

Charles II was the king of Navarre from 1349, who made various short-lived attempts to expand Navarrese power in both France and Spain. He was the son and successor of Joan of France, queen of Navarre, and Philip, count of Évreux. Married in 1352 to Joan, daughter of John II of France, he demanded

Charles V was the king of France from 1364 who led the country in a miraculous recovery from the devastation of the first phase of the Hundred Years’ War (1337–1453), reversing the disastrous Anglo-French settlement of 1360. Having purchased the Dauphiné (on France’s southeastern frontier) in 1349,

Charles III was the king of France (893–922), whose authority came to be accepted by Lorraine and who settled the Northmen in Normandy but who became the first Carolingian ruler of the western kingdom to lose his crown. The posthumous son of Louis II the Stammerer by a marriage of contested

Charles was the last of the great dukes of Burgundy (1467 to 1477). The son of Duke Philip III the Good of Burgundy, Charles was brought up in the French manner as a friend of the French dauphin, afterward Louis XI of France, who spent five years in Burgundy before his accession. Although he had

Charles VII was the king of France from 1422 to 1461, who succeeded—partly with the aid of Joan of Arc—in driving the English from French soil and in solidifying the administration of the monarchy. Before ascending the throne he was known as the Dauphin and was regent for his father, Charles VI,

Charles Martel was the mayor of the palace of Austrasia (the eastern part of the Frankish kingdom) from 715 to 741. He reunited and ruled the entire Frankish realm and defeated a sizable Muslim raiding party at Poitiers in 732. His byname, Martel, means “the hammer.” Charles was the illegitimate

Charles I was the king of Naples and Sicily (1266–85), the first of the Angevin dynasty, and creator of a great but short-lived Mediterranean empire. The younger brother of Louis IX of France, Charles acquired the county of Provence in 1246 and accompanied Louis on his Egyptian Crusade (1248–50).

Charles II was the king of Naples and ruler of numerous other territories, who concluded the war to regain Sicily started by his father, Charles I. By making astute alliances and treaties, he greatly enlarged his dominions. Named prince of Salerno (1269) by his father and married by him to Maria,

Carlos de Aragon, prince de Viana was the prince de Viana and heir apparent to the throne of Navarre (from 1428), who intrigued for both the Navarrese and Aragonese crowns. The son of the future John II of Aragon and Blanche, daughter of Charles III of Navarre, who succeeded her father in 1425,

Charles was a rival duke of Brittany, a son of the French king Philip VI’s sister Margaret. Charles’s claim to Brittany through his marriage to Joan the Lame of Penthièvre, niece of Duke John III of Brittany, led to a conflict with the other claimants, John of Montfort and later his son Duke John

Charles III was the king of Spain (1759–88) and king of Naples (as Charles VII, 1734–59), one of the “enlightened despots” of the 18th century, who helped lead Spain to a brief cultural and economic revival. Charles was the first child of Philip V’s marriage with Isabella of Parma. Charles ruled as

Charles III was the king of Naples (1381–86) and king (as Charles II) of Hungary (1385–86). A leading figure of the Hungarian branch of the Angevin dynasty, he was an astute politician who won both of his thrones by triumphing over rival claimants. Charles was educated at the court of Louis I of

Charles Of France was the duke of Berry, of Normandy, and of Guyenne, who fought in the coalitions against his brother King Louis XI of France. The last son of King Charles VII, Charles of France was given the duchy of Berry on his father’s death in 1461. Pressed by councillors, however, the young

Carol I was the first king of Romania, whose long reign (as prince, 1866–81, and as king, 1881–1914) brought notable military and economic development along Western lines but failed to solve the basic problems of an overwhelmingly rural country. As a German prince, Carol was educated in Dresden and

Charles I was the duke of Lower Lorraine, head of the only surviving legitimate line of the Carolingian dynasty by 987, and an unsuccessful claimant for the French throne. Son of Louis IV of France and Gerberga, sister of Otto I of Germany, Charles was banished by his brother, King Lothar, in 977.

Charles IV (or V) Leopold was the duke of Lorraine and Bar, Austrian field marshal who commanded the forces defeating the Turks before the gates of Vienna in 1683 and subsequently expelled them from most of Hungary. Charles, a nephew of Duke Charles III (or IV), entered the Austrian army in 1664

Charles IV was a German king and king of Bohemia from 1346 to 1378 and Holy Roman emperor from 1355 to 1378, one of the most learned and diplomatically skillful sovereigns of his time. He gained more through diplomacy than others did by war, and through purchases, marriages, and inheritance he

Charles was the third son of the Frankish emperor Lothar I. Upon his father’s death, he inherited the Rhone valley of Burgundy and Provence. He was the first king of Provence, but he died without issue, and Provence was seized by his elder brother, the emperor Louis

Charles III was the count of Valois from 1285 and of Anjou and Maine from 1290. He was the son of a king, brother of a king, uncle of three kings, and a father of a king. Though he himself never gained a crown, he sought at various times those of Aragon, France, Constantinople, and the Holy Roman

Carlos de Aragon, prince de Viana was the prince de Viana and heir apparent to the throne of Navarre (from 1428), who intrigued for both the Navarrese and Aragonese crowns. The son of the future John II of Aragon and Blanche, daughter of Charles III of Navarre, who succeeded her father in 1425,

Charles III is the king of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland from September 8, 2022. He is the eldest child of Queen Elizabeth II and Prince Philip, duke of Edinburgh. After being the longest-serving monarch-in-waiting in British history, Charles ascended the throne at age

Fort Sumter National Monument: Charles Pinckney National Historic Site is located a few miles to the northeast on the mainland. Established in 1988, it preserves 28 acres (11 hectares) of American statesman Charles Pinckney’s 715-acre (289-hectare) Snee Farm. Exhibits focus on Pinckney’s contribution to the framing of the U.S.…

Charles River, river, eastern Massachusetts, U.S. It is the longest river wholly within the state, meandering slightly more than 80 miles (130 km) from its source in Hopkinton, southern Middlesex county, to its mouth on Boston Harbor. The river follows a winding course (south, northeast, north,

Boston: The Emerald Necklace: The Charles River basin—surrounded by parkland and patterned on the Alster River basin in Hamburg, Germany—remains one of the most handsome, distinctive, and popular features of Boston.

Charles River Bridge v. Warren Bridge, U.S. Supreme Court decision (1837) holding that rights not specifically conferred by a charter cannot be inferred from the language of the document. Chief Justice Roger B. Taney rejected the claim of a bridge company (Charles River) that the state

Charles I was a courtly, pious king of Hungary who restored his kingdom to the status of a great power and enriched and civilized it. Charles was the son of Charles Martel of Anjou-Naples and Clemencia of Habsburg, daughter of the Holy Roman emperor Rudolf I. As great-grandson of Stephen V and with

Scribner family: …founded in 1846 and named Charles Scribner’s Sons from 1878, issued books and several periodicals.

Charles Stark Draper: The Instruments Laboratory (I-Lab), which he founded in 1934, became a centre for both academic and commercial research, a combination that was not unusual at the time. It was through the I-Lab that Draper established a relationship with the Sperry Gyroscope Company (now part of Unisys…

Draper Prize, award given by the U.S. National Academy of Engineering (NAE) for specific engineering achievements that have significantly affected modern society “by improving the quality of life, providing the ability to live freely and comfortably, and/or permitting access to information.” The

Charles Stewart Mott: In 1926 he created the Charles Stewart Mott Foundation. His subsequent gifts of cash and stock made his foundation one of the largest in the country, with $300 million in assets by the time of his death. The foundation funded a wide range of social and educational services for Flint,…

Charles II was the king of Navarre from 1349, who made various short-lived attempts to expand Navarrese power in both France and Spain. He was the son and successor of Joan of France, queen of Navarre, and Philip, count of Évreux. Married in 1352 to Joan, daughter of John II of France, he demanded

Charles IV was the king of France and of Navarre (as Charles I) from 1322, the last of the direct line of the Capetian dynasty. His inglorious reign was marked by his invasion of Aquitaine and by political intrigues with his sister Isabella, wife of King Edward II of England. After the death of his

Charles II was the king of France (i.e., Francia Occidentalis, the West Frankish kingdom) from 843 to 877 and Western emperor from 875 to 877. (He is reckoned as Charles II both of the Holy Roman Empire and of France.) Son of the emperor Louis I the Pious and his second wife, Judith, Charles was

Charles I (or II) was the duke of Lorraine and an ally of the Burgundian faction in the internal strife that divided France during the Hundred Years’ War. He succeeded in uniting Lorraine with the duchy of Bar. Becoming duke in 1391, he followed his father’s example in allying Lorraine with the

Charles was the last of the great dukes of Burgundy (1467 to 1477). The son of Duke Philip III the Good of Burgundy, Charles was brought up in the French manner as a friend of the French dauphin, afterward Louis XI of France, who spent five years in Burgundy before his accession. Although he had

Charles III was a Frankish king and emperor, whose fall in 887 marked the final disintegration of the empire of Charlemagne. (Although he controlled France briefly, he is usually not reckoned among the kings of France). The youngest son of Louis the German and great-grandson of Charlemagne, Charles

Charles was the count of Flanders (1119–27), only son of St. Canute, or Canute IV of Denmark, by Adela, daughter of Robert I the Frisian, count of Flanders. After the assassination of Canute in 1086, his widow took refuge in Flanders, taking with her her son. Charles was brought up by his mother

Charlemagne was the king of the Franks (768–814), king of the Lombards (774–814), and first emperor (800–814) of the Romans and of what was later called the Holy Roman Empire. Around the time of the birth of Charlemagne—conventionally held to be 742 but likely to be 747 or 748—his father, Pippin

Charles II (or III) was the duke of Lorraine from 1545, whose reign is noted for its progress and prosperity. Charles was the son of Francis I of Lorraine and Christina of Denmark. On his father’s death in 1545, his mother became regent for him, and in 1552 Charles was taken to Paris by Henry II of