James Cameron is a Canadian filmmaker known for his expansive vision and innovative special-effects films, most notably Titanic (1997), for which he won an Academy Award for best director, and Avatar (2009). Cameron studied art as a child; he later provided the drawings that figured prominently in

Julia Margaret Cameron was a British photographer who is considered one of the greatest portrait photographers of the 19th century. The daughter of an officer in the East India Company, Julia Margaret Pattle married jurist Charles Hay Cameron in 1838. The couple had six children, and in 1860 the

Pearl Jam: Pearl Jam came into being in Seattle in 1990 when Gossard and Ament of the glam-influenced rock combo Mother Love Bone decided to form a

Richard Cameron was a Scottish Covenanter, founder of a religious sect called Cameronians. Cameron was schoolmaster of his native village until he became chaplain and tutor to Sir William Scott of Harden. In 1673 he began to preach in the open air, under the influence of the Covenanter John Welch,

Simon Cameron was a U.S. senator, secretary of war during the American Civil War, and a political boss of Pennsylvania. His son James Donald Cameron (1833–1918) succeeded him in the Senate and as a political power in his state. With only slight formal schooling, Cameron was successful in various

Tanzania: Tanganyika Territory: Sir Donald Cameron, governor from 1925 to 1931, infused a new vigor into the country. He reorganized the system of native administration by the Native Authority Ordinance (1926) and the Native Courts Ordinance (1929). His object was to build up local government on the basis…

Verney Lovett Cameron was a British explorer, the first to cross equatorial Africa from sea to sea. Cameron entered the British navy in 1857, taking part in the Abyssinian campaign of 1868 and in the suppression of the East African slave trade. In 1872 the Royal Geographical Society chose him to

heraldry: Quarterings and marshaling: …coats of arms for the Cameron-Ramsay-Fairfax-Lucy family of baronets. The arms are said to be quarterly with the arms of Lucy in 1 and 4. Then in 2 the blazon begins grandquarter counterquartered. That means that quarter 2 is itself a quarterly coat, 1 and 4 of which are for…

Cameronian, any of the Scottish Covenanters who followed Richard Cameron in adhering to the perpetual obligation of the two Scottish covenants of 1638 and 1643 as set out in the Queensferry Paper (1680), pledging maintenance of the chosen form of church government and worship. After Cameron’s

Cameroon, country lying at the junction of western and central Africa. Its ethnically diverse population is among the most urban in western Africa. The capital is Yaoundé, located in the south-central part of the country. The country’s name is derived from Rio dos Camarões (“River of Prawns”)—the

Africa: Relief: …and Cameroon, and in the Cameroon Highlands. There are extensive low-lying areas near the coast and in the basins of the Sénégal, Gambia, Volta, and Niger–Benue rivers. The high areas of Darfur in Sudan (more than 10,000 feet) and of Mount Cameroon (13,435 feet) are volcanic in origin and are…

Cameroon: Political process: …parties; it was renamed the Cameroon People’s Democratic Movement in 1985. After significant political unrest and a number of violent clashes, a constitutional amendment in 1990 established a multiparty system. Other major political parties include the National Union for Democracy and Progress, the Cameroon Democratic Union, and the Social Democratic…

Cameroon: Political process: …parties; it was renamed the Cameroon People’s Democratic Movement in 1985. After significant political unrest and a number of violent clashes, a constitutional amendment in 1990 established a multiparty system. Other major political parties include the National Union for Democracy and Progress, the Cameroon Democratic Union, and the Social Democratic…

Cameroon: Moving toward independence: …Union (Union des Populations Camerounaises; UPC), led by Felix-Roland Moumie and Reuben Um Nyobe, demanded a thorough break with France and the establishment of a socialist economy. French officials suppressed the UPC, leading to a bitter civil war, while encouraging alternative political leaders. On January 1, 1960, independence was granted.…

In the mid-20th century Cameroon was largely a trust territory under France supervised by the United Nations. After it was promised independence, local government began discussing a possible national flag in 1957. One popular symbol suggested for the flag was the prawn that had given the country

history of Cameroon, a survey of notable events and people in the history of Cameroon, from the 5th century ce to the present day. Cameroon is located at the junction of western and central Africa. The country’s name is derived from Rio dos Camarões (“River of Prawns”)—the name given to the Wouri

Mount Cameroon, volcanic massif of southwestern Cameroon that rises to a height of 13,435 feet (4,095 meters) and extends 14 miles (23 km) inland from the Gulf of Guinea. It is the highest peak in sub-Saharan western and central Africa and the westernmost extension of a series of hills and

Cameroon, country lying at the junction of western and central Africa. Its ethnically diverse population is among the most urban in western Africa. The capital is Yaoundé, located in the south-central part of the country. The country’s name is derived from Rio dos Camarões (“River of Prawns”)—the

Ahmadou Ahidjo: …formed his own party, the Cameroonian Union, and became the new premier.

Mount Cameroon, volcanic massif of southwestern Cameroon that rises to a height of 13,435 feet (4,095 meters) and extends 14 miles (23 km) inland from the Gulf of Guinea. It is the highest peak in sub-Saharan western and central Africa and the westernmost extension of a series of hills and

Cameroon, country lying at the junction of western and central Africa. Its ethnically diverse population is among the most urban in western Africa. The capital is Yaoundé, located in the south-central part of the country. The country’s name is derived from Rio dos Camarões (“River of Prawns”)—the

history of logic: Syllogisms: Second figure: Cesare, Camestres, Festino, Baroco,

history of logic: Syllogisms: *Cesaro, *Camestrop.

Blackshirt, member of any of the armed squads of Italian Fascists under Benito Mussolini, who wore black shirts as part of their uniform. The first squads—each of which was called Squadre d’Azione (“Action Squad”)—were organized in March 1919 to destroy the political and economic organizations of

Blackshirt, member of any of the armed squads of Italian Fascists under Benito Mussolini, who wore black shirts as part of their uniform. The first squads—each of which was called Squadre d’Azione (“Action Squad”)—were organized in March 1919 to destroy the political and economic organizations of

Camiguin, mountainous island in the Bohol (Mindanao) Sea, 6 miles (10 km) off the northern coast of Mindanao, Philippines. Located near Macajalar and Gingoog bays, the island is often considered the most beautiful of the Philippine archipelago. Since 1948, eruptions of volcanic Mount Hibok-Hibok

Pia Camil is a Mexican performance and multimedia artist noted for work that showcased commerce, clothing, and collaboration in a fluid and participatory manner. Camil was raised in Mexico City. She earned a B.F.A. in 2003 from the Rhode Island School of Design and an M.F.A. in 2008 from the Slade

Camilla, in Roman mythology, legendary Volscian maiden who became a warrior and was a favourite of the goddess Diana. According to the Roman poet Virgil (Aeneid, Books VII and XI), her father, Metabus, was fleeing from his enemies with the infant Camilla when he encountered the Amisenus (Amazenus)

Camilla, queen of the United Kingdom is the queen of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland (2023– ), wife of Charles III. While her affair with Charles during his marriage (1981–96) to Princess Diana caused controversy, Camilla eventually gained public acceptance. She is known

Camilla, queen of the United Kingdom is the queen of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland (2023– ), wife of Charles III. While her affair with Charles during his marriage (1981–96) to Princess Diana caused controversy, Camilla eventually gained public acceptance. She is known

Frances Burney: …1796 she published the novel Camilla; or, A Picture of Youth, and on its proceeds the d’Arblays built a house in Surrey, where they moved in 1797. While on a visit to France with her husband and son in 1802, she was forced by the renewal of the Napoleonic Wars…

Ida Rubinstein: …in title roles such as Camille by Alexandre Dumas fils. Rubinstein’s troupe was most influential during the 1928–29 season. Though she revived the company in 1931 and again in 1934, she gave it up in 1935, retiring in seclusion on the French Riviera, where she lived until 1960. The many…

Alla Nazimova: …movies include the romantic drama Camille (1921), in which she costarred with Rudolph Valentino, and Salomé (1922), an adaptation of an Oscar Wilde play about the beheading of John the Baptist. Nazimova also directed (with Charles Bryant) the latter film.

Frances Marion: >Camille (1937).

Camille, fictional character, the protagonist of La Dame aux camélias (1848; staged 1852) by Alexandre Dumas fils. Camille made her way in life as a courtesan, and her byname referred to the camellias she carried as a signal of her availability. Camille gives up her way of life after falling in

Hurricane Camille, hurricane (tropical cyclone), one of the strongest of the 20th century, that hit the United States in August 1969. After entering the Gulf of Mexico, the hurricane struck the Mississippi River basin. As the storm moved inland across much of the southeastern United States and

Saint Camillus of Lellis ; canonized 1746; feast day July 14) was the founder of the Ministers of the Sick. Along with St. John of God, Camillus became patron of the sick. The son of an impoverished nobleman, Camillo became a soldier of fortune and an inveterate gambler. In 1575 he was converted

Don Camillo, fictional character, a pugnacious Italian village priest whose confrontations with his equally belligerent adversary, the local communist mayor Peppone, formed the basis for a series of popular, humorous short stories by Italian author Giovanni Guareschi. The character also figured in

Alexander Hamilton was a New York delegate to the Constitutional Convention (1787), major author of the Federalist papers, and first secretary of the treasury of the United States (1789–95), who was the foremost champion of a strong central government for the new United States. He was killed in a

Saint Camillus of Lellis ; canonized 1746; feast day July 14) was the founder of the Ministers of the Sick. Along with St. John of God, Camillus became patron of the sick. The son of an impoverished nobleman, Camillo became a soldier of fortune and an inveterate gambler. In 1575 he was converted

Marcus Furius Camillus was a Roman soldier and statesman who came to be honoured after the sack of Rome by the Gauls (c. 390) as the second founder of the city. Camillus celebrated four triumphs and served five times as dictator of Rome. His greatest victory was as dictator in 396 bce, when he

Boca Juniors: …Cichero Stadium, which was renamed Alberto J. Armando Stadium in 2000 in honour of a former club president. Fans know it as La Bombonera (“the Chocolate Box”) because of its unusual structure, with curving, steeply banked stands on three sides and one underdeveloped stand on the final side. The ground…

Mann Act: Origins and amendments: …prosecute such consensual sex following Caminetti v. United States (1917), in which the Supreme Court held that “illicit fornication,” even when consensual, constituted an immoral purpose under the Mann Act.

Brazilian literature: Emergence of the republic: …time are Aluízio Azevedo and Adolfo Caminha. Azevedo’s naturalist and somewhat melodramatic novels deal primarily with environmental determinism and denounce social evils. Three novels are representative of Azevedo’s contribution to Brazilian literature: O mulato (1881; “The Mulatto”), on racial prejudice, Casa de pensão (1884; “The Boarding House”), on the effects…

Rachel de Queiroz: Her third novel, Caminho de pedras (1937; “Rocky Road”), is the story of a woman rejecting her traditional role and embracing a new sense of independence. As três Marias (1939; The Three Marias), her first work to be written in the first person, follows the lives of three…

Antonio Banderas: Later films: The Legend of Zorro and Pain and Glory: …camino de los ingleses (Summer Rain), an adaptation of an Antonio Soler novel about a group of teenage boys who have a memorable summer vacation. In 2010 he portrayed a dissatisfied art-gallery owner in Woody Allen’s light relationship drama You Will Meet a Tall Dark Stranger. Banderas worked again…

The Camino de Santiago, also known as the “Way of St. James,” is one of the most famous pilgrimages in Christianity. Since the Middle Ages pilgrims have traveled the network of routes throughout western Europe leading to the purported tomb of St. James the Greater in Santiago de Compostela in

León Felipe was a Spanish poet known chiefly as a poet of the Spanish Civil War. After performing across Spain with a traveling theatre company, Felipe published his first book, Versos y oraciones de caminante (1919; “Verses and Prayers of a Traveler”), in Madrid. He worked for an extended period

John Grisham: Other novels: The crime thrillers Camino Island (2017) and Camino Winds (2020) center on a female writer in Florida. In 2024 Grisham published Camino Ghosts, the third book in his Camino Series.

Tennessee Williams: In 1953 Camino Real, a complex work set in a mythical, microcosmic town whose inhabitants include Lord Byron and Don Quixote, was a commercial failure, but his Cat on a Hot Tin Roof (1955), which exposes the emotional lies governing relationships in the family of a wealthy…

Camino Real, (Spanish: Royal Road), highway that in the 16th century connected the cities of Gijón, León, and Madrid, Spain; in Spain it has come to mean any important highway. In California a coastal highway called El Camino Real was built during the Spanish period (1542–1821) and finally extended

Camino Real: …California a coastal highway called El Camino Real was built during the Spanish period (1542–1821) and finally extended 600 miles (970 km) from San Diego to Sonoma. It connected the 21 missions and 4 presidios (forts) built beside or near it from c. 1769 to c. 1823. The present Pacific…

John Grisham: Other novels: …thrillers Camino Island (2017) and Camino Winds (2020) center on a female writer in Florida. In 2024 Grisham published Camino Ghosts, the third book in his Camino Series.

Carlos Arruza was a Mexican bullfighter, the dominant Mexican matador and one of the greatest of any nationality in modern times. Born in Mexico of Spanish parents, he began as a professional torero at the age of 14 in Mexico City. He went to Spain in 1944 billed as “El Ciclón” and soon was ranked

Irving Cummings was an American film director best known for his musicals, many of which featured Betty Grable or Shirley Temple. While a teenager, Cummings began appearing onstage, and he became a sought-after actor, frequently cast in productions that starred Lillian Russell. In the early 1910s

Camisard, any of the Protestant militants of the Bas-Languedoc and Cévennes regions of southern France who, in the early 18th century, organized an armed insurrection in opposition to Louis XIV’s persecution of Protestantism. Camisards were so called probably because of the white shirts

Hurricane: …Hurricane emerged from efforts by Sydney Camm, Hawker’s chief designer, to develop a high-performance monoplane fighter and from a March 1935 Air Ministry requirement calling for an unprecedented heavy armament of eight wing-mounted 0.303-inch (7.7-mm) machine guns. Designed around a 1,200-horsepower, 12-cylinder, in-line Rolls-Royce engine soon to be dubbed the…

Émile Cammaerts was a Belgian poet and writer who, as a vigorous royalist, interpreted Belgium to the British public. In 1908, when he was 30, Cammaerts settled in England, and his writings on English and Belgian themes included translations of works by John Ruskin and G.K. Chesterton into French.

Il trovatore: Salvatore Cammarano, with additions by Leone Emanuele Bardare) that premiered at the Teatro Apollo in Rome on January 19, 1853. Verdi prepared a revised version in French, Le Trouvère, with added ballet music, which premiered at the Paris Opéra on January 12, 1857. Based on…

baseball: Professional baseball: In 1862 William Cammeyer of Brooklyn constructed an enclosed baseball field with stands and charged admission to games. Following the Civil War, this practice quickly spread, and clubs soon learned that games with rival clubs and tournaments drew larger crowds and brought prestige to the winners. The…

Ermanno Olmi: …1980s included Cammina cammini (1983; Keep Walking), an allegory based on the legend of the Magi; Milano ’83 (1983), a documentary tribute to the city he often used as the setting for his films; and, for television, Le sette ultime parole del nostro Redentore in croce (1985; “The Seven Last…

short-horned grasshopper: Major genera and species: The clear-winged grasshopper (Camnula pellucida) is a major crop pest in North America.

Luís de Camões was Portugal’s great national poet, author of the epic poem Os Lusíadas (1572; The Lusiads), which describes Vasco da Gama’s discovery of the sea route to India. Camões had a permanent and unparalleled impact on Portuguese and Brazilian literature alike, due to not only his epic but

Luís de Camões was Portugal’s great national poet, author of the epic poem Os Lusíadas (1572; The Lusiads), which describes Vasco da Gama’s discovery of the sea route to India. Camões had a permanent and unparalleled impact on Portuguese and Brazilian literature alike, due to not only his epic but

Rachel de Queiroz: …1993 she was awarded the Camões Prize, the most prestigious and remunerative award given for Portuguese-language literature. In 1977 de Queiroz became the first woman to be elected to the Brazilian Academy of Letters. She was a member of the Federal Council of Culture from 1967 to 1985 and in…

Luís de Camões was Portugal’s great national poet, author of the epic poem Os Lusíadas (1572; The Lusiads), which describes Vasco da Gama’s discovery of the sea route to India. Camões had a permanent and unparalleled impact on Portuguese and Brazilian literature alike, due to not only his epic but

Luís de Camões was Portugal’s great national poet, author of the epic poem Os Lusíadas (1572; The Lusiads), which describes Vasco da Gama’s discovery of the sea route to India. Camões had a permanent and unparalleled impact on Portuguese and Brazilian literature alike, due to not only his epic but

hurling, outdoor stick-and-ball game somewhat akin to field hockey and lacrosse and long recognized as the national pastime of Ireland. There is considerable reference to hurling (iomáin in Gaelic) in the oldest Irish manuscripts describing the game as far back as the 13th century bc; many heroes

chamomile, any of various daisylike plants of the aster family (Asteraceae). Chamomile tea, used as a tonic and an antiseptic and in many herbal remedies, is made from English, or Roman, chamomile (Chamaemelum nobile) or German chamomile (Matricaria chamomilla). Several species are cultivated as

Alps: Settlement: …and in the Aosta and Camonica Valleys in Italy. The latter valley is noted for some 20,000 rock engravings that leave an invaluable picture of more than 2,000 years of habitation.

Camorra, Italian secret society of criminals that grew to power in Naples during the 19th century. Its origins are uncertain, but it may have existed in Spain as early as the 15th century and been transported thence to Italy. As the Camorra grew in influence and power, its operations included

Nicobar Islands: …islands of Car Nicobar (north), Camorta (Kamorta) and Nancowry (central group), and Great Nicobar (south).

camouflage, in military science, the art and practice of concealment and visual deception in war. It is the means of defeating enemy observation by concealing or disguising installations, personnel, equipment, and activities. Conventional camouflage is restricted to passive defensive measures. The

concealing coloration, in animals, the use of biological coloration to mask location, identity, and movement, providing concealment from prey and protection from predators. Background matching is a type of concealment in which an organism avoids recognition by resembling its background in

camp, in military service, an area for temporary or semipermanent sheltering of troops. In most usage the word camp signifies an installation more elaborate and durable than a bivouac but less so than a fort or billet. Historically, the camps of the Roman legions are especially noteworthy. However

camp, style and aesthetic sentiment that values the extravagant, the ironic, and the flamboyant and typically bridges the gap between high and popular culture. Blending artifice and affectation with the absurd and outrageous, camp subverts conventional ideas about artistic taste, seriousness, and

aging: Aging of neural and endocrine systems: A normal chemical in cells, cyclic adenosine monophosphate (AMP), is thought to be a transmitter of hormonal information across cell membranes. It may be possible to identify the specific sites in the membrane or the cell interior at which communication breaks down.

Donald Glover: Childish Gambino and music career: His major label debut, Camp, appeared in 2011, and it won favorable notice. His second album, Because the Internet (2013), was nominated for a Grammy Award for best rap album, and the single “3005” was also nominated.

materials science: Photoresist films: …solution is to use the chemically amplified photoresist, or CAMP. The sensitivity of a photoresist is measured by its quantum efficiency, or the number of chemical events that occur when a photon is absorbed by the material. In CAMP material, the number of events is dramatically increased by subsequent chemical…

Mayfield: …monument marks the site of Camp Beauregard (1861), a Confederate base during the American Civil War evacuated (1862) and then captured by Union forces after an epidemic killed more than a thousand Confederate troops. In December 2021 a tornado of at least EF3 intensity devastated a large portion of the…

furniture: Bed: …a campaign, however, collapsible iron camp beds were more practical. Napoleon owned several and died in one on St. Helena in 1821. As a furniture form, the iron bed was a neutral framework built to support bedclothes and equipped with stanchions (upright supports) for curtains; it was light, transportable, and…

Michael Moorcock: Atrocity Exhibition (1970); Thomas Disch’s Camp Concentration (1968), about an American military camp where political prisoners are subjected to experiments to increase their intelligence; and Brian Aldiss’s Barefoot in the Head (1969), about the aftermath of a war in which Europe had been bombarded with psychedelic drugs.

Camp David, rural retreat of U.S. presidents in Catoctin Mountain Park, a unit of the National Park Service on a spur of the Blue Ridge Mountains in Frederick county, northern Maryland, U.S. Camp David lies just west of Thurmont and 64 miles (103 km) northwest of Washington, D.C. The retreat, which

Camp David Accords, agreements between Israel and Egypt signed on September 17, 1978, that led in the following year to a peace treaty between those two countries, the first such treaty between Israel and any of its Arab neighbors. Brokered by U.S. Pres. Jimmy Carter (this author) between Israeli

Jean-Jacques Bernard: Bernard’s nondramatic writings include Le Camp de la mort lente (1944; The Camp of Slow Death), a description of the German concentration camp at Compiègne, in which he, as a Jew, was interned, and Mon ami le théâtre (1958; “My Friend the Theatre”).

Ousmane Sembène: Camp de Thiaroye (1987; “The Camp at Thiaroye”) depicts an event in 1944 in which French troops slaughtered a camp of rebellious African war veterans. Guelwaar (1993), a commentary on the fractious religious life of Senegal, tells of the confusion that arises when the bodies…

typhus: Causes, symptoms, & Treatment: Epidemic typhus has also been called camp fever, jail fever, and war fever, names that suggest overcrowding, poor sanitation, and generally unhygienic living conditions. It is caused by the bacterium Rickettsia prowazekii and is conveyed from person to person by the body louse, Pediculus humanus…

camping: Youth camping: …Great Britain in 1910), the Camp Fire Boys and Girls (U.S., 1910), and the Girl Scouts (U.S., 1912; patterned after the Girl Guides). Most other organizations concerned with young people, such as the Young Men’s Christian Association (YMCA), the Young Women’s Christian Association (YWCA), and many others, also undertook camp…

Camp Fire of 2018, large wildfire that scorched a portion of northern California in November 2018 and killed 85 people, making it the deadliest in California’s history and one of the deadliest conflagrations in recorded history. The fire began on November 8 in the forested hills of Butte county,

camping: Youth camping: …Great Britain in 1910), the Camp Fire Boys and Girls (U.S., 1910), and the Girl Scouts (U.S., 1912; patterned after the Girl Guides). Most other organizations concerned with young people, such as the Young Men’s Christian Association (YMCA), the Young Women’s Christian Association (YWCA), and many others, also undertook camp…

Camp Grant massacre, the mass murder of more than a hundred members of the Apache people, on the morning of April 30, 1871, by a vigilante group from Tucson, Arizona, consisting of a mix of Anglo-Americans, Mexican Americans, and members of the Indigenous Tohono O’odham people. The attack occurred

camp meeting, type of outdoor revival meeting that was held on the American frontier during the 19th century by various Protestant denominations. Camp meetings filled an ecclesiastical and spiritual need in the unchurched settlements as the population moved west. Their origin is obscure, but

Jean-Jacques Bernard: Bernard’s nondramatic writings include Le Camp de la mort lente (1944; The Camp of Slow Death), a description of the German concentration camp at Compiègne, in which he, as a Jew, was interned, and Mon ami le théâtre (1958; “My Friend the Theatre”).

Demi Lovato: Disney stardom and early music career: …the Disney Channel musical film Camp Rock as Mitchie Torres, a young aspiring singer. Camp Rock also featured the Jonas Brothers, Kevin, Nick, and Joe Jonas, the latter of whom played Torres’s love interest. Lovato performed in four songs on the Camp Rock soundtrack, including her debut single and duet…

Andersonville National Historic Site, Confederate military prison for captured Union soldiers during the American Civil War, located in Andersonville, southwest-central Georgia, U.S. It was established as a national historic site in 1970 to honour all U.S. prisoners of war. The site preserves the

nervous system: Neurotransmitters and neuromodulators: Another system is the cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) system. In this chain reaction, receptor proteins activate linking proteins, which then activate the enzymes that synthesize cAMP. The cAMP molecules activate other enzymes that, in turn, activate ion channels.

Camp X, training school for covert agents and radio communications centre in Canada that operated close to Whitby, Ontario, during World War II. It was the first such purpose-built facility constructed in North America. Known officially as STS (Special Training School) 103, Camp X was one of

Madeleine L’Engle was an American author of imaginative juvenile literature that is often concerned with such themes as the conflict of good and evil, the nature of God, individual responsibility, and family life. L’Engle attended boarding schools in Europe and the United States and graduated with

Maria Theresa Kemble was an English singer, dancer, and actress who married the actor and theatrical manager Charles Kemble. The daughter of a French family of musicians, Maria Theresa was taken to England as a small child. In 1786 she found an acting part at the Drury Lane Theatre. She continued

Maxime Du Camp was a French writer and photographer who is chiefly known for his vivid accounts of 19th-century French life. He was a close friend of the novelist Gustave Flaubert. An outgoing, adventurous man, Du Camp also pioneered in photography and published works in virtually every literary