poverty: Collective poverty: In contrast to cyclical poverty, which is temporary, widespread or “collective” poverty involves a relatively permanent insufficiency of means to secure basic needs—a condition that may be so general as to describe the average level of life in a society or that may…

collective security, system by which states have attempted to prevent or stop wars. Under a collective security arrangement, an aggressor against any one state is considered an aggressor against all other states, which act together to repel the aggressor. Collective security arrangements have

The Collective Security Treaty Organization (CSTO) is a military alliance of six post-Soviet states: Russia, Armenia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, and Belarus. Established in 2002 for the purpose of collective defense, the CSTO offers protection to members from threats to their security,

collective unconscious, term introduced by psychiatrist Carl Jung to represent a form of the unconscious (that part of the mind containing memories and impulses of which the individual is not aware) common to mankind as a whole and originating in the inherited structure of the brain. It is distinct

collective violence, violent form of collective behaviour engaged in by large numbers of people responding to a common stimulus. Collective violence can be placed on a continuum, with one extreme involving the spontaneous behaviour of people who react to situations they perceive as uncertain,

Ayn Rand: The Collective and the Nathaniel Branden Institute: In 1950 Rand agreed to meet a young admirer, Nathan Blumenthal, on the basis of his several articulate fan letters. The two established an immediate rapport, and Blumenthal and his girlfriend, Barbara Weidman, became Rand’s friends as well…

collective model, description of atomic nuclei that incorporates aspects of both the shell nuclear model and the liquid-drop model to explain certain magnetic and electric properties that neither of the two separately can explain. In the shell model, nuclear energy levels are calculated on the

collectivism, any of several types of social organization in which the individual is seen as being subordinate to a social collectivity such as a state, a nation, a race, or a social class. Collectivism may be contrasted with individualism (q.v.), in which the rights and interests of the individual

Corsica, collectivité territoriale (territorial collectivity) of France and island in the Mediterranean Sea embracing (from 1976) the départements of Haute-Corse and Corse-du-Sud. Corsica is the fourth largest island (after Sicily, Sardinia, and Cyprus) in the Mediterranean. It lies 105 miles (170

Saint-Pierre and Miquelon, archipelago about 15 miles (25 km) off the southern coast of the island of Newfoundland, Canada, a collectivité of France since 1985. The area of the main islands is 93 square miles (242 square km), 83 square miles (215 square km) of which are in the Miquelons (Miquelon

collectivization, policy adopted by the Soviet government, pursued most intensively between 1929 and 1933, to transform traditional agriculture in the Soviet Union and to reduce the economic power of the kulaks (prosperous peasants). Under collectivization the peasantry were forced to give up their

Rajasthan: Constitutional framework: In each district the collector, who is also the district magistrate, is the principal representative of the administration. The collector functions in close cooperation with the superintendent of police to maintain law and order in the district and serves as the principal revenue officer. For administrative purposes, each district…

semiconductor device: Bipolar transistors: …the p region is the collector. The circuit arrangement in Figure 4B is known as a common-base configuration. The arrows indicate the directions of current flow under normal operating conditions—namely, the emitter-base junction is forward-biased and the base-collector junction is reverse-biased. The complementary structure of the p-n-p bipolar transistor is…

Bessie Emery Head: The Collector of Treasures (1977), a volume of short fiction, includes brief vignettes of traditional Botswanan village life, macabre tales of witchcraft, and passionate attacks on African male chauvinism.

William Wyler: Films of the 1960s of William Wyler: The Collector (1965), based on a chilling novel by John Fowles, followed; it focused on a mild-mannered bank clerk (Terence Stamp) whose collection of butterflies is expanded one day to include a young woman (Samantha Eggar) whom he kidnaps and imprisons in his basement. This…

John Fowles: His first novel, The Collector (1963; filmed 1965), about a shy man who kidnaps a girl in a hapless search for love, was an immediate success. This was followed by The Aristos: A Self-Portrait in Ideas (1964), a collection of essays reflecting Fowles’s views on such subjects as…

Gabriel Biel: Biel’s Collectorium circa IV libros sententiarum, a classical commentary on the celebrated Sentences by Bishop Peter Lombard of Paris, gives a clear and methodical exposition of the teaching of the great English philosopher William of Ockham, whose doctrine Biel supported. The work was so influential that…

college, an institution that offers post-secondary education. The term is used without uniformity of meaning. In Roman law a collegium was a body of persons associated for a common function. The name was used by many medieval institutions—from guilds to the body that elected the Holy Roman emperor.

Russia: The Petrine state: …system of functional and well-ordered colleges (their number fluctuating around 12 in the course of the century). Each college was headed by a board for more effective control; it had authority in a specific area such as foreign affairs, the army, the navy, commerce, mining, finances, justice, and so on.…

The College Board, not-for-profit association of over 6,000 universities, colleges, schools, and other educational institutions, best known for its college entrance examination, the SAT (formerly called the Scholastic Assessment Test and, before that, the Scholastic Aptitude Test). The College

quiz: A history of quizzing: College Bowl, as the show was called, proved to be so popular that it lasted six seasons on the radio; it then moved to television, where it ran from 1959 to 1970. It returned in 1977 in an “offline” format—in college halls and basements—and remained…

college: The Collège de France—with antecedents in France dating to 1518—offers postsecondary study but no degrees. In Quebec, collèges classiques offer secondary and baccalaureate studies and are affiliated with universities. In Germany Kollegien appears in the name of some institutions offering technical courses. See also higher education.

Vietnam War: The United States negotiates a withdrawal: College deferments were limited in 1971, but by that time the military was calling up fewer conscripts each year. Nixon ended all draft calls in 1972, and in 1973 the draft was abolished in favour of an all-volunteer military.

Kanye West: The College Dropout: …released his debut solo album, The College Dropout (2004), it was massively successful: Sales soared, and critics gushed over its sonic sophistication and clever wordplay, which blended humor, faith, insight, and political awareness on songs such as “Through the Wire” and the gospel-choir-backed “Jesus Walks.” The latter cut won a…

The American debate over whether a college education is worth it began when the colonists arrived from Europe and founded “New College” in 1636. Created to train clergy, the college was renamed “Harvard” after its first large benefactor (John Harvard) in 1639—Harvard remains the oldest institution

The College Board, not-for-profit association of over 6,000 universities, colleges, schools, and other educational institutions, best known for its college entrance examination, the SAT (formerly called the Scholastic Assessment Test and, before that, the Scholastic Aptitude Test). The College

university extension, division of an institution of higher learning that conducts educational activities for persons (usually adults) who are generally not full-time students. These activities are sometimes called extramural studies, continuing education, higher adult education, or university adult

Michigan vs. Ohio State: History and Results: College football is all about rivalries, often colorfully nicknamed or contested for trophies. There’s the Old Oaken Bucket (Purdue vs. Indiana), Paul Bunyan’s Axe (Wisconsin vs. Minnesota), Bedlam (Oklahoma vs. Oklahoma State), and the Iron Bowl (Auburn

The national championship in football is one of the most sought-after titles in American college sports. It is also one of the most controversial. Until the late 1990s, the winner was determined by various methods, most notably the AP and UPI polls. This often led to disputes as well as a number of

College Football Playoff (CFP), annual series of U.S. college football postseason bowl games (2014– ) that determines the national champion of the Football Bowl Subdivision (FBS; formerly known as Division I-A) of the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA). The original format featured 4

ARCHIVED TOPIC: With the rise of a college playoff system, this topic was archived on Sept. 18, 2012, and will no longer be updated. This topic was archived because on June 26, 2012, the BCS announced the formation of a four-team playoff system. On Aug. 2 of that year the NCAA formally approved

fraternity and sorority, in the United States, social, professional, or honorary societies, for males and females, respectively. Most such organizations draw their membership primarily from college or university students. With few exceptions, fraternities and sororities use combinations of letters

Providence: …to what is now called College Hill, found a freshwater spring. From the Narragansett sachems Canonicus and Miantonomi he purchased the surrounding land, which he named for “God’s merciful providence.” The settlement’s growth, halted by King Philip’s War (1675–76), was given impetus in 1680, when Pardon Tillinghast built a wharf…

Martha Raye: …appeared in such films as College Holiday (1936), Waikiki Wedding (1937), Give Me a Sailor (1938), Keep ’Em Flying (1941), and Hellzapoppin (1941). She drew praise for her performance opposite Charlie Chaplin in Monsieur Verdoux (1947), which was widely regarded as her best film.

Wesley Ruggles: The sound era: …returned to musical comedies with College Humor—which starred Bing Crosby, George Burns, and Gracie Allen—and I’m No Angel. The latter was one of Mae West’s best films, and it helped make Cary Grant a star. West, who wrote the screenplay, portrayed a circus performer who falls in love with a…

College of Arms, corporation of the royal heralds of England and Wales. After the Court of Lord Lyon (the heraldic corporation of Scotland), it is the oldest active heraldic institution in Europe. The college investigates, records, and advises on the use of coats of arms (armorial bearings), royal

Duquesne University, private, coeducational institution of higher learning in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, U.S. Duquesne is affiliated with the Roman Catholic church. The university consists of the College of Liberal Arts and the schools of Business Administration, Natural and Environmental Sciences,

Sacred College of Cardinals, the group of bishops and archbishops in the Roman Catholic Church who have been created cardinals by the pope. Its members serve as the pope’s key advisers and assistants in his administration of the church. According to the Code of Canon Law, the two most important

University of Maryland: The University of Maryland, Baltimore, was founded in 1807 as the College of Medicine of Maryland, the fifth medical school in the United States. Its Health Sciences Library is outstanding. The University of Maryland, College Park, was created in 1856 by Charles Benedict Calvert as Maryland…

Wayne State University: …College (founded 1881) and the College of the City of Detroit (founded 1917) were also important antecedents of Wayne State. After the merger, the university was known as Wayne University, for Wayne county, which had been named for American Revolutionary War Gen. Anthony Wayne. It became Wayne State University in…

East Lansing, residential and university city, Ingham county, south-central Michigan, U.S., adjoining Lansing on the Red Cedar River. The site was a remote area east of Lansing when Michigan State University, a pioneer land-grant school, was founded there as Michigan Agricultural College in 1855.

College Park, city, Prince George’s county, central Maryland, U.S., lying 8 miles (13 km) northeast of Washington, D.C. It developed around Maryland Agricultural College (established 1856), which became Maryland State College of Agriculture in 1916 and merged with the University of Maryland (1807)

College Park: …School was established at the College Park Airport in 1911 with Wilbur Wright as an instructor. The historic airport, the world’s oldest in continuous operation, was the site of numerous aviation firsts, including the first air mail service. Inc. town, 1945; city, 1955. Pop. (2000) 24,657; (2010) 30,413.

community radio: Origins of Modern Community Radio: …century expansion of the “campus radio” (also known as college radio) sector, which evolved concurrently with commercial radio starting in the 1920s. Through the middle of the 20th century, campus radio was used for experimentation and training, and public broadcasts often included local news, weather reports, public announcements, educational…

Your child may impress you with their college readiness, plowing through high school classes and acing the SAT. But as you wrestle with the idea of paying for college, you might wonder about your financial readiness. The good news: Even if you haven’t been able to save enough, it’s not too late to

Martin Lawrence: … (2006), Wild Hogs (2007), and College Road Trip (2008). He reunited with Smith for Bad Boys II (2003) and Bad Boys for Life (2020).

So, there’s a new baby in the family. Congratulations, pass the cigars, and start thinking about college savings plans. Huh? College might be the last thing on your mind during those midnight feedings. But if you want to do this parenting thing right, it should be an even higher priority than

social settlement: Spahr) opened the College Settlement in New York City. Two years later Robert A. Woods, another resident of Toynbee Hall, and William J. Tucker established Andover House, later called South End House, in Boston. The movement then spread to most countries of western Europe and to Southeast Asia…

fraternity and sorority, in the United States, social, professional, or honorary societies, for males and females, respectively. Most such organizations draw their membership primarily from college or university students. With few exceptions, fraternities and sororities use combinations of letters

United States: Sports: …as a shared event by college basketball’s national championship. Mirroring a similar phenomenon on the high-school and state level, known popularly as March Madness, this single-elimination tournament whose early rounds feature David versus Goliath matchups and television coverage that shifts between a bevy of regional venues not only has been…

College Station, city, Brazos county, southeastern Texas, U.S. It is adjacent to the city of Bryan and lies 96 miles (154 km) northwest of Houston. Having grown up around the Texas A&M University (established 1871 and opened 1876), the city is essentially residential with its economy geared to that

Raoul Walsh: Films of the 1930s: …a New High (1937) and College Swing (1938) were also musical comedies, the former with Lily Pons, the latter with the formidable cast of George Burns and Gracie Allen, Bob Hope, Martha Raye, and Betty Grable.

Eton College: …history, Eton names about 14 King’s Scholars, or Collegers, each year, for a schoolwide total of 70. The selection is based on the results of a competitive examination open to boys between 12 and 14 years of age. King’s Scholars are awarded scholarships ranging from 10 to 100 percent of…

Byzantine Empire: The reforms of Diocletian and Constantine: …foundations for the system of collegia, or hereditary state guilds, that was to be so noteworthy a feature of late-Roman social life. Of particular importance, he required the colonus (peasant) to remain in the locality to which the tax lists ascribed him.

collegia pietatis, conventicles of Christians meeting to study the Scriptures and devotional literature; the concept was first advanced in the 16th century by the German Protestant Reformer Martin Bucer, an early associate of John Calvin in Strasbourg. Philipp Jakob Spener adopted the idea a

collegiality, in various Christian denominations, especially Roman Catholicism, Anglicanism, and Eastern Orthodoxy, the view that bishops, in addition to their role as individuals presiding over local churches (in most cases, dioceses), are members of a body that has the same teaching and ruling

Irish literature: Roman Catholic writers: His novel The Collegians (1829) is one of the best-loved Irish national tales of the early 19th century. Based on a true story, it involves a dashing young Anglo-Irish landowner, Hardress Cregan, who elopes with a beautiful young Catholic peasant girl, Eily O’Connor. With the help of…

Benedict de Spinoza: Association with Collegiants and Quakers: …acquaintances among members of the Collegiants, a religious group in Amsterdam that resisted any formal creed or practice. Some scholars believe that Spinoza actually lived with the Collegiants after he left the Jewish community. Others think it more likely that he stayed with Franciscus van den Enden, a political radical…

American Association of University Women (AAUW), American organization founded in 1881 and dedicated to promoting “education and equity for all women and girls.” The AAUW was founded in Boston, Massachusetts, in 1881 by 17 college women. At the time, many barriers hindered women from pursuing

Robert Shaw: In 1941 he founded the Collegiate Chorale in New York and led it until 1954. He was director of the choral departments of the Berkshire (Massachusetts) Music Center (1942–45) and the Juilliard School in New York City (1946–50). He founded the Robert Shaw Chorale in 1948 and toured internationally with…

Elizabeth Cabot Agassiz: …was the first president of Radcliffe College, Cambridge, Massachusetts.

Yale University, private university in New Haven, Connecticut, one of the eight Ivy League schools, widely regarded for their high academic standards, selectivity in admissions, and social prestige. Yale was founded in 1701 and is the third oldest university in the United States. It was originally

college: In Roman law a collegium was a body of persons associated for a common function. The name was used by many medieval institutions—from guilds to the body that elected the Holy Roman emperor.

Braunschweig: The Technische Universität Carolo-Wilhelmina zu Braunschweig, the oldest technical university in Germany, was founded as the Collegium Carolinum in 1745 (its current name dates from 1968). There are also federal institutes for physics and technology, biology, agriculture and forestry, and aviation. The Herzog Anton Ulrich Museum…

musical societies and institutions: …centuries the institution of the Collegium Musicum, deriving from an earlier institution, the Convivia Musica, was associated with German and Swiss universities; its aim was to organize public concerts. Early concert societies in London were the Academy of Ancient Music (1710), the Anacreontic Society (1766), and the Catch Club (1761).…

Stanisław Konarski: …Konarski founded in Warsaw the Collegium Nobilium, a school for the young men of ruling families, hoping that his pupils would be inspired to effect badly needed constitutional reforms. Stressing the teaching of the Polish language, hitherto neglected, Konarski emphasized the school theatre and wrote a tragedy in Polish. His…

history of the Low Countries: Development of Dutch humanism: …it received in 1517 the Collegium Trilingue where Latin, Greek, and Hebrew were taught. The greatest Dutch humanist was Erasmus (1469–1536), whose fame spread throughout the world and who had been taught in the schools of the Brethren of the Common Life. He drew his inspiration, as did many other…

springtail, (order Collembola), any of approximately 6,000 small, primitive, wingless insects that range in length from 1 to 10 mm (0.04 to 0.4 inch). Most species are characterized by a forked appendage (furcula) attached at the end of the abdomen and held in place under tension from the

springtail, (order Collembola), any of approximately 6,000 small, primitive, wingless insects that range in length from 1 to 10 mm (0.04 to 0.4 inch). Most species are characterized by a forked appendage (furcula) attached at the end of the abdomen and held in place under tension from the

collenchyma, in plants, support tissue of living elongated cells with irregular cell walls. Collenchyma cells have thick deposits of cellulose in their cell walls and appear polygonal in cross section. The strength of the tissue results from these thickened cell walls and the longitudinal

sponge: Pinacocytes, collencytes, and other cell types: The collencytes, found in the mesohyl, secrete fibres and often form a net in the cytoplasm. The mesohyl of sponges contains other types of cells (lophocytes, sclerocytes, myocytes) believed to be derived from archaeocytes. Lophocytes, similar to but larger than collencytes, have long cytoplasmic processes at…

Bartolomeo Colleoni was an Italian condottiere, at various times in Venetian and Milanese service and from 1454 general in chief of the Venetian republic for life. He is most important as a pioneer of field artillery tactics. He assigned light field pieces to the rear of his infantry or cavalry, to

Les Six: The French critic Henri Collet originated the label Les Six in his article “The Russian Five, the French Six, and M. Erik Satie” (Comoedia, January 1920). Collet wished to draw a parallel between the well-known, highly nationalistic, late 19th-century Russian composers called The Five (Nikolay Rimsky-Korsakov, Modest Mussorgsky,…

plasterer bee, (family Colletidae), large family of bees with more than 2,500 species found worldwide. Their common name, which is often used to refer to the bees of the genus Colletes, is derived from the protective, cellophane-like material that females secrete and plaster to the walls of their

Colleton, county, southern South Carolina, U.S. It is bordered to the southwest by the Salkehatchie River, which at its confluence with the Little Salkehatchie becomes the Combahee River; the Edisto River forms the northern and eastern borders, and a branch of it, the South Edisto, constitutes the

American colonies: The Carolinas and Georgia: Sir John Colleton and Anthony Ashley Cooper, who later became Lord Shaftesbury, founded Charleston, South Carolina, in 1670 with settlers from England and overcrowded Barbados. Groups of French Huguenots and Scots at once migrated to South Carolina, giving it by the year

anthracnose: The causative fungi (usually Colletotrichum or Gloeosporium) characteristically produce spores in tiny, sunken, saucer-shaped fruiting bodies known as acervuli. Symptoms include sunken spots or lesions (blight) of various colours in leaves, stems, fruits, or flowers

coffee production: Diseases: …disease, caused by the fungus Colletotrichum coffeanum, which also attacks the Arabica. Robusta appears to be resistant, or only slightly susceptible, to these scourges. Among the numerous parasites that attack the coffee plant is the berry borer (Stephanoderes hamjei), which damages the seeds of both Arabica and Robusta.

Camilla Collett was a novelist and passionate advocate of women’s rights; she wrote the first Norwegian novel dealing critically with the position of women. Its immense influence on later writers—especially Henrik Ibsen, Jonas Lie, and Alexander Kielland—is reflected in the late 19th century, when

Glenna Collett Vare was an American athlete who dominated women’s golf in the 1920s. Both her parents were athletic, and young Glenna Collett excelled at such sports as swimming and diving. She learned to play golf when she was 14 and won her first U.S. Women’s Amateur championship in 1922. She

Camilla Collett was a novelist and passionate advocate of women’s rights; she wrote the first Norwegian novel dealing critically with the position of women. Its immense influence on later writers—especially Henrik Ibsen, Jonas Lie, and Alexander Kielland—is reflected in the late 19th century, when

Toni Collette is an Australian actress known for her metamorphic performances in a wide range of roles. Collette was raised in the Sydney suburb of Blacktown. At age 16 she accepted a scholarship from the Australian Theatre for Young People (1989), and she later briefly attended the National

Toni Collette is an Australian actress known for her metamorphic performances in a wide range of roles. Collette was raised in the Sydney suburb of Blacktown. At age 16 she accepted a scholarship from the Australian Theatre for Young People (1989), and she later briefly attended the National

Dario Fo: …(1958), Nuova Scena (1968), and Collettivo Teatrale La Comune (1970), developing an agitprop theatre of politics, often blasphemous and scatological but rooted in the tradition of commedia dell’arte and blended with what Fo called “unofficial leftism.” With the latter troupe they began to tour factories, parks, and gymnasiums.

Michel del Castillo: … and Le Colleur d’affiches (1958; The Disinherited) deal with these two traumatic experiences. They show the disarray of a young mind prematurely falling prey to political skepticism and religious doubt, without losing faith in humankind. Both novels reflect his anguish at social injustice and his need for solace in fellowship…

Nicholas Hoult: The Favourite and The Great: …include the British action thriller Collide, in which he portrayed an American backpacker who becomes involved with drug smugglers after getting a job as their driver, and Sand Castle (both 2016), about the Iraq War. In Rebel in the Rye (2017), he starred as J.D. Salinger, author of The Catcher…

colliding-beam storage ring, type of cyclic particle accelerator that stores and then accelerates two counterrotating beams of charged subatomic particles before bringing them into head-on collision with each other. Because the net momentum of the oppositely directed beams is zero, all the energy

colliding-beam storage ring, type of cyclic particle accelerator that stores and then accelerates two counterrotating beams of charged subatomic particles before bringing them into head-on collision with each other. Because the net momentum of the oppositely directed beams is zero, all the energy

collie, working dog breed developed in Great Britain, probably by the 18th century. There are two varieties of collie: the rough-coated, originally used to guard and herd sheep, and the smooth-coated, used mainly to drive livestock to market. Collies are lithe dogs with tapering heads,

Collier Bay, inlet of the Indian Ocean, indenting the northern coast of Western Australia. The bay stretches approximately 60 miles (100 km) east-west and about 40 miles (65 km) north-south. Montgomery and Koolan islands are at its

William Faulkner: The major novels: …in such popular—and well-paying—magazines as Collier’s and Saturday Evening Post. Greater, if more equivocal, prominence came with the financially successful publication of Sanctuary, a novel about the brutal rape of a Southern college student and its generally violent, sometimes comic, consequences. A serious work, despite Faulkner’s unfortunate declaration that it…

Collier’s Encyclopedia, general encyclopaedia first published in 1950–51 in the United States. Originally in 20 volumes, Collier’s was expanded to 24 volumes for a major revision in 1962. It remained at that length until 1997, when it was printed for the last time. Microsoft Corporation acquired

William Faulkner: The major novels: …in such popular—and well-paying—magazines as Collier’s and Saturday Evening Post. Greater, if more equivocal, prominence came with the financially successful publication of Sanctuary, a novel about the brutal rape of a Southern college student and its generally violent, sometimes comic, consequences. A serious work, despite Faulkner’s unfortunate declaration that it…

Arthur Collier was an idealist philosopher and theologian remembered for his concept of human knowledge. Collier was born at the rectory of Langford Magna. Educated at Pembroke and Balliol colleges, Oxford, he became rector at Langford Magna in 1704. Like the idealist thinker George Berkeley,

Bryan Collier is an American author and illustrator who created children’s books about African Americans and their experiences. Collier was recognized with many honors for his work, including several Coretta Scott King Illustrator Awards . Some of his books were distinguished as Caldecott Honor

Josephine Bell was an English physician and novelist best known for her numerous detective novels, in which poison and unusual methods of murder are prominent. She was educated at Newnham College, Cambridge (1916–19), and University College Hospital, London, and was a practicing physician from 1922

Jeremy Collier was an English bishop and leader of the Nonjurors (clergy who refused to take the oaths of allegiance to William III and Mary II in 1689 and who set up a schismatic episcopalian church) and the author of a celebrated attack on the immorality of the stage. Collier attended Caius

William Shakespeare: Shakespeare’s sources: …appeared later, notably those of John Payne Collier (Shakespeare’s Library, 1843; revised by W. Carew Hazlitt, 1875). These earlier collections have been superseded by a seven-volume version edited by Geoffrey Bullough as Narrative and Dramatic Sources of Shakespeare (1957–72).

civil war: Economic causes of civil war: Thus the British economists Paul Collier and Anke Hoeffler argued that low overall income makes it easier to mobilize insurgencies, since potential recruits have less to lose in foregone income from normal economic activities. The American political scientists James Fearon and David Laitin claimed that civil war is primarily…

Western Australia: Western Australia until the mid-20th century: …after Mitchell was replaced by Phillip Collier, the first of a series of moderate Labor premiers (1924–30; 1933–47).