Richard Fleischer: Middle years: …with the popular true-crime tale The Boston Strangler (1968), a suspenseful account of the serial killer who murdered more than 10 women in the 1960s; Curtis was effective as Albert DeSalvo, who confessed to committing the crimes. Che! (1969), however, was a failure; the heavily romanticized account of the revolutionary…

John L. Sullivan was an American professional boxer, one of the most popular heavyweight champions and a symbol of the bareknuckle era of boxing. (Read Gene Tunney’s 1929 Britannica essay on boxing.) Sullivan began to fight professionally in 1878 after briefly studying at Boston College. On Feb. 7,

Boston: The tower, known as Boston Stump, is 272.5 feet (83 meters) high. It is the tallest parish church tower (exclusive of spire) in England. The church itself is a Decorated-style building extensively restored since 1931. William Bradford, William Brewster, and other Pilgrims were imprisoned in 1607 in the Guildhall…

Boston Symphony Orchestra (BSO), American symphony orchestra based in Boston, founded in 1881 by Henry Lee Higginson. The orchestra achieved renown for its interpretations of the French repertoire under such conductors as Pierre Monteux and Charles Munch and for its championing of contemporary

Boston Tea Party, (December 16, 1773), incident in which 342 chests of tea belonging to the British East India Company were thrown from ships into Boston Harbor by American patriots disguised as Mohawk Indians. The Americans were protesting both a tax on tea (taxation without representation) and

Boston Terrier, breed of dog developed in the latter half of the 19th century in Boston, Massachusetts. Bred from the English Bulldog and a white English terrier, the Boston Terrier is one of the few breeds to have originated in the United States. It has a terrier-like build with dark eyes, a short

Boston University, private coeducational institution of higher learning in Boston, Massachusetts, United States. The university spans three campuses—one along the Charles River, another in Boston’s South End, and the Fenway Campus in the Longwood Medical Area—covering more than 140 acres. Boston

ombre: …whist and gave rise to Boston whist, from which derives solo whist. Other lines of descent and hybridization produced twenty-five, preference, and skat.

Our Bodies, Ourselves: …authors were members of the Boston Women’s Health Book Collective, which began as a small feminist discussion group in the late 1960s. To supplement scant or unavailable information about women’s health and medical issues, the group began writing articles on topics such as sexuality, birth control, abortion, pregnancy, and menopause,

Oscar Handlin: …published in modified form as Boston’s Immigrants, 1790–1865 (1941), was a study of the acculturation of Irish immigrants to that city. Handlin’s most important historical study, The Uprooted (1951), told the story of the great waves of immigration that formed the American people, and it examined the psychological and cultural…

Dawn Staley: Coaching career: …such WNBA stars as Wilson, Aliyah Boston, and Allisha Gray. “One of my missions is to unlock greatness in others,” Staley wrote in her memoir. “My players need to be ready for competition, sure. But I will have failed them if I don’t ready them for life.” Staley has been…

Lucy Boston was an English writer whose 12th-century country home became the setting of her children’s books. Boston left the University of Oxford after only two terms to train as a nurse; she worked at a military hospital in France during World War I and married Harold Boston, a cousin and flying

Ralph Boston was an American athlete who set a world record in the long jump and was the first man to jump more than 27 feet (8.23 metres). Boston attended Tennessee State University, where, in addition to the long jump, he excelled in the high and low hurdles, the high jump, and the triple jump.

Siege of Boston, (April 1775–March 1776), successful siege by American troops of the British-held city of Boston during the American Revolution. After the Battles of Lexington and Concord (April 19, 1775), Boston was besieged by American militiamen. By June, 15,000 raw, undisciplined, ill-equipped

Good ol’ Boston. Greater Boston was the site of the American Revolution, is home to Harvard and MIT, and was the birthplace of Dunkin Donuts and public figures such as JFK. History runs through this city’s veins, although it can’t all be found in your textbook. Explore some of Boston’s bizarre and

The Bostonians, satirical novel by Henry James, published serially in Century Illustrated Magazine in 1885–86 and in book form in three volumes in 1886. It was one of the earliest American novels to deal—even obliquely—with lesbianism. Olive Chancellor, a Boston feminist in the 1870s, thinks she

Merchant and Ivory: …adaptations, The Europeans (1979) and The Bostonians (1984), which were followed by three Forster adaptations—Maurice (1987), A Room with a View (1986), and Howards End (1992)—all of which won awards. For the latter two films, Ivory received Academy Award nominations for best director, and both were nominated for

Bostra, ruined Syrian city, 67 miles (108 km) south of Damascus. First a Nabataean city, it was conquered by the Roman emperor Trajan, made the capital of the Roman province of Arabia, and served as a key Roman fortress east of the Jordan River. The city eventually achieved the title metropolis

Coleoptera: Annotated classification: Family Bostrichidae (branch and twig borers, bostrichid beetles, horned powderpost beetles) Attack living and dead wood; damage timber and furniture; worldwide distribution; examples Sinoxylon, Dinoderus. Family Dermestidae (skin beetles, dermestid beetles) Many economically

Coleoptera: Annotated classification: Superfamily Bostrichoidea Larvae soft-bodied, lack specialized setae (hairs), maintain a C-shaped position; adult hard, head region hoodlike; members often associated with timber, destructive. Family Anobiidae (drugstore and deathwatch beetles) Live in dry vegetable materials; some species destructive pests; examples

Leif Ove Andsnes: …singers (such as British tenor Ian Bostridge). Critics and audiences appreciated the clarity and lyricism of his approach to music. Andsnes was a cofounder, co-artistic director, and regular participant in the Risør Chamber Music Festival in eastern Norway (he resigned as artistic director in 2010), and in 2007 he became…

Basṭām, small historic town, northern Iran. It lies just south of the Elburz Mountains in a well-watered plain. Clustered around the tomb of the poet and mystic Abū Yazīd al-Bisṭāmī (d. 874) are a mausoleum, a 12th-century minaret and mosque wall, a superb portal (1313), and a 15th-century college.

Lake Bosumtwi, lake, south-central Ghana, 17 miles (27 km) southeast of Kumasi. The only true inland lake in the country, it has no surface outlet and was formed in a meteorite impact crater. With an area of 19 square miles (49 square km) and a depth of 230–240 feet (70–73 metres), the lake is fed

tropic bird, any member of three seabird species that constitute the family Phaethontidae (order Pelecaniformes or Phaethontiformes). Tropic birds are characterized by pairs of streaming central tail feathers, which may be as long as the bird’s body. Sailors call them marlin-spikes and bosun birds.

Bushveld, natural region in southern Africa, at an elevation of about 2,500–4,000 feet (800–1,200 meters). Centered in Limpopo province, South Africa, it extends into northern KwaZulu-Natal province, Eswatini, Mozambique, Zimbabwe, and Botswana. The bushveld (“thornbush field”) is characterized by

the Boswell Sisters, were an American jazz vocal trio noted for intricate harmonies and rhythmic experimentation; they were also a major influence on vocal artists such as Ella Fitzgerald and the Andrews Sisters. The three sisters were Martha (b. June 9, 1905, Kansas City, Missouri, U.S.—d. July 2,

the Boswell Sisters: …violin, guitar, and banjo, and Connee on cello, saxophone, and trombone. By 1925 they had evolved into a singing group, but the few records they cut that year attracted little notice. During an early broadcast engagement, the group accidentally discovered the sound that brought them success. Lead singer Connee found…

the Boswell Sisters: …violin, guitar, and banjo, and Connee on cello, saxophone, and trombone. By 1925 they had evolved into a singing group, but the few records they cut that year attracted little notice. During an early broadcast engagement, the group accidentally discovered the sound that brought them success. Lead singer Connee found…

the Boswell Sisters: …Philharmonic) featured Martha on piano, Helvetia (known to all as “Vet”) on violin, guitar, and banjo, and Connee on cello, saxophone, and trombone. By 1925 they had evolved into a singing group, but the few records they cut that year attracted little notice. During an early broadcast engagement, the group…

James Boswell was a friend and biographer of Samuel Johnson (Life of Johnson, 2 vol., 1791). The 20th-century publication of his journals proved him to be also one of the world’s greatest diarists. Boswell’s father, Alexander Boswell, advocate and laird of Auchinleck in Ayrshire from 1749, was

same-sex marriage: …the Yale professor and historian John Boswell (1947–94), have argued that same-sex unions were recognized by the Roman Catholic Church in medieval Europe, although others have disputed this claim. Scholars and the general public became increasingly interested in the issue during the late 20th century, a period when attitudes toward…

the Boswell Sisters: …the New Orleans Philharmonic) featured Martha on piano, Helvetia (known to all as “Vet”) on violin, guitar, and banjo, and Connee on cello, saxophone, and trombone. By 1925 they had evolved into a singing group, but the few records they cut that year attracted little notice. During an early broadcast…

baseball pitch clock: Reactions to the changes: Legendary Washington Post baseball writer Thomas Boswell begged to differ, writing early in the season:

the Boswell Sisters: …Philharmonic) featured Martha on piano, Helvetia (known to all as “Vet”) on violin, guitar, and banjo, and Connee on cello, saxophone, and trombone. By 1925 they had evolved into a singing group, but the few records they cut that year attracted little notice. During an early broadcast engagement, the group…

Stanley Elkin: Elkin’s first novel, Boswell: A Modern Comedy (1964), tells of an ordinary man who founds a club for famous individuals, hoping like his namesake to bask in reflected glory. Criers and Kibitzers, Kibitzers and Criers (1966), a collection of comic short stories on Jewish themes and characters, was…

Burseraceae: Major genera and species: …several species of the genus Boswellia, called frankincense, was used in biblical times in incense, in medicine, and for embalming.

frankincense: Frankincense trees and harvest: …Burseraceae), particularly from the species B. frereana, B. sacra, B. papyrifera, and B. serrata, which are found in Somalia, the Hadhramaut region of Yemen, Oman, and parts of India and Pakistan. Incisions are made in the trunks of the trees, and the frankincense exudes

frankincense: Frankincense trees and harvest: sacra, B. papyrifera, and B. serrata, which are found in Somalia, the Hadhramaut region of Yemen, Oman, and parts of India and Pakistan. Incisions are made in the trunks of the trees, and the frankincense exudes as a milklike juice that hardens on exposure to air.…

frankincense: Frankincense trees and harvest: frereana, B. sacra, B. papyrifera, and B. serrata, which are found in Somalia, the Hadhramaut region of Yemen, Oman, and parts of India and Pakistan. Incisions are made in the trunks of the trees, and the frankincense exudes as a milklike juice that hardens on

frankincense: Frankincense trees and harvest: papyrifera, and B. serrata, which are found in Somalia, the Hadhramaut region of Yemen, Oman, and parts of India and Pakistan. Incisions are made in the trunks of the trees, and the frankincense exudes as a milklike juice that hardens on exposure to air. The resin is…

Battle of Bosworth Field, (August 22, 1485), battle in the English Wars of the Roses, fought 12 miles (19 km) west of Leicester and 3 miles (5 km) south of Market Bosworth, between the forces of the Yorkist king Richard III and the Lancastrian contender for the crown, Henry Tudor (the future Henry

James Fitzjames, duke of Berwick-upon-Tweed was an English nobleman and marshal of France who was a leading military commander in the French service in the earlier wars of the 18th century. Fitzjames was the “illegitimate” son of James, duke of York (later King James II of England), and Arabella

Superman: The modern era: …newcomer Brandon Routh as Superman, Kate Bosworth as Lois Lane, and Kevin Spacey as Lex Luthor. The film was a box-office disappointment, and Warner Brothers canceled its plans for a sequel. The studio turned to director Christopher Nolan and screenwriter David S. Goyer, the creative minds behind the highly successful…

Germanic law: Tribal Germanic institutions: …wergild in homicide cases and bot in others. Payment was voluntary at first; only later did it become obligatory. Even in the 7th century, Visigothic law still allowed retaliation in kind for all injuries except those to the head. The leges contained elaborate tariffs of compensation for different kinds of…

CAPTCHA: …automated computer programs, known as bots and spiders, from gaining access to websites. A CAPTCHA, which may consist of letters, numbers, or images, is distorted in some manner to prevent recognition by computers but not so distorted that a human with normal vision cannot identify the code and retype it.

bot fly, (family Oestridae), any member of a family of insects in the fly order, Diptera, in which the adults are beelike in appearance and hairy but without bristles. The larvae are parasitic on mammals. Horse bot flies (subfamily Gasterophilinae) include species of Gasterophilus, a serious horse

Pakistan: Transportation and telecommunications: …the basis of a “build-operate-transfer” (BOT) approach, which subsequently became popular in other developing countries. (In the BOT system, private entrepreneurs build and operate infrastructure facilities such as ports, highways, and power plants and then recover their costs by charging tariffs from the users. Once the investors have recovered…

Rio de Janeiro: South Zone: …hem in the district of Botafogo, the shape of which resembles a reclining figure. Its head is on the beach, one arm stretches back toward Laranjeiras, and the other is draped along the bay to Red Beach (Praia Vermelha), the home of the National War College and the Army Staff…

sour cream: Origins: … and first fermented by the Botai people of what is now Kazakhstan—who may have been among the first humans to tame horses. Mare’s milk has a much higher level of lactose than cow’s or yak’s milk and thus produces a strong laxative effect in humans if ingested raw. Fermentation

botanical garden, originally, a collection of living plants designed chiefly to illustrate relationships within plant groups. In modern times, most botanical gardens are concerned primarily with exhibiting ornamental plants, insofar as possible in a scheme that emphasizes natural relationships.

Singapore Botanic Gardens, botanical garden and research center founded in 1859 in the central Tanglin district, Singapore. It is one of the world’s finest in terms of both its aesthetic appeal and the quality of its botanical collection, which notably includes a variety of orchids, gingers, and

nutritional disease: Botanicals and functional foods: Many herbal products show sufficient promise in preventing or treating disease that they are being tested in rigorous scientific studies, including clinical trials. However, the “botanicals” currently on the market in many countries are untested with regard to safety and efficacy,…

There’s no brain in a cabbage. That’s axiomatic. But the lack of a central nervous system doesn’t prevent them, or other plants, from protecting themselves. Some species boast armature such as thorns, or spines that ward off slavering herbivores. Some are loaded with poisons to sicken or kill them.

botanical garden, originally, a collection of living plants designed chiefly to illustrate relationships within plant groups. In modern times, most botanical gardens are concerned primarily with exhibiting ornamental plants, insofar as possible in a scheme that emphasizes natural relationships.

Jardin des Plantes, one of the world’s foremost botanical gardens, located in Paris. It was founded in 1626 as a royal garden of medicinal plants and was first opened to the public in 1650. Under the superintendence of G.-L.L. Buffon (1739–88) the garden was greatly expanded, and it developed into

Yes, many plants use the birds and the bees to move pollen from one flower to another, but sometimes this “simple act” is not so simple. Some plants have stepped up their sexual game and use explosions, entrapment, or deception to ensure the perpetuation of their species. Learn about these and

Komarov Botanical Institute, major botanical research centre in St. Petersburg, Russia. The 22-hectare (54-acre) garden has about 6,700 species of plants, many of which were obtained through a series of plant-collecting expeditions sent to all parts of the world. Its most important collections

Munich Botanical Garden, botanical garden founded in 1914 by the German botanist Karl von Goebel in Munich. The garden’s vast array of greenhouses, completed in 1958, includes 17 for display and 8 for service functions. The palm house is particularly notable. Other significant greenhouse

Berlin-Dahlem Botanical Garden and Botanical Museum, oldest botanical garden in Germany. Founded in the 17th century as a royal garden for flowers, medicinal plants, vegetables, and hops (for the royal brewery), it eventually became badly neglected. In 1801 the botanist Carl Ludwig Willdenow became

Botanize! is a podcast series that will introduce you to some of the world’s most remarkable plants, fungi, and algae. These overlooked organisms have fascinating evolutionary stories to tell about survival, exploitation, adaptation, and general scrappiness, and every episode will pique your

botany, branch of biology that deals with the study of plants, including their structure, properties, and biochemical processes. Also included are plant classification and the study of plant diseases and of interactions with the environment. The principles and findings of botany have provided the

Botany Bay, inlet of the Tasman Sea (Pacific Ocean), indenting New South Wales, Australia. Roughly circular, about 5 miles (8 km) across and 1 mile (1.6 km) wide at its mouth (between the La Perouse and Kurnell peninsulas), it receives the Georges and Cooks rivers. The bay was the site in 1770 of

eucalyptus: Major species and uses: …yield what is known as Botany Bay kino, an astringent dark reddish resin, obtained in a semifluid state from incisions made in the tree trunk.

Exclusive, in Australian history, member of the sociopolitical faction of free settlers, officials, and military officers of the convict colony of New South Wales, formed in the late 18th and early 19th centuries. The Exclusives sought to exclude Emancipists (former convicts) from full civil

Emancipist, any of the former convicts in New South Wales, Australia, in the late 18th and the first half of the 19th centuries, specifically those who were seeking civil rights. Technically, the term applied only to pardoned convicts; it was generally used as well, however, for “expirees”—convicts

angiosperm: Significance to humans: …exception of antibiotics, almost all medicinals either are derived directly from compounds produced by angiosperms or, if synthesized, were originally discovered in angiosperms. This includes some vitamins (e.g., vitamin C, originally extracted from fruits); aspirin, originally from the bark of willows (Salix; Salicaceae); narcotics (e.g.,

bittern, any of 12 species of solitary marsh birds of the subfamily Botaurinae, family Ardeidae (order Ciconiiformes), allied to the herons (subfamily Ardeinae) but with shorter neck and stouter body. Most bitterns bear a camouflage pattern—streaks of variegated brown and buff—which enables them to

bittern: There are four species of Botaurus and eight species of Ixobrychus.

bittern: The American bittern (B. lentiginosus), known locally as “stake driver” or “thunder pumper,” is slightly smaller. Other forms are the Australian bittern (B. poiciloptilus) and the South American, or pinnated, bittern (B. pinnatus).

bittern: …of the genus is the Eurasian bittern (B. stellaris), to 75 cm (30 inches), ranging from the British Isles to southeastern Asia and occurring also in South Africa. The American bittern (B. lentiginosus), known locally as “stake driver” or “thunder pumper,” is slightly smaller. Other forms are the Australian bittern…

Japanese literature: The novel between 1905 and 1941: …with humorous novels such as Botchan (1906; “The Young Master”; Eng. trans. Botchan), a fictionalized account of his experiences as a teacher in a provincial town. Botchan enjoyed phenomenal popularity after it first appeared. It is the most approachable of Sōseki’s novels, and the Japanese found pleasure in identifying themselves…

Fernando Botero was a Colombian artist known for his paintings and sculptures of inflated human and animal shapes. As a youth, Botero attended a school for matadors for several years, but his true interest was in art. While still a teenager, he began painting and was inspired by the pre-Columbian

Niccolò Machiavelli: Legacy: …example, was the Italian philosopher Giovanni Botero (1540–1617), who was among the first to establish the idea of a moral exemption for the state. Authors taking a similar approach developed, for safety’s sake, the practice of quoting passages from the Roman historian Tacitus (ad 56–120)—thus becoming known as “Tacitists”—when they…

Boteti River, river of Botswana. It emerges near Maun and the Thamakalane River, developing from the outflow of the Okavango Delta, Botswana. It flows in a southeasterly direction to Lake Xau (Dow), then north to enter the Makgadikgadi Pans after a course of 190 miles (305

Botev, highest peak (7,795 feet [2,376 metres]) in the Balkan Mountains of central Bulgaria. It was formerly called Ferdinandov and, until 1950,

Khristo Botev was a patriot and renowned poet, one of the heroes of the Bulgarian national revolutionary movement against Turkish rule. In 1863 Botev was sent to complete his education in Russia, where he was much influenced by nihilist ideas. He returned to Bulgaria in 1867 but then fled to

Botev, highest peak (7,795 feet [2,376 metres]) in the Balkan Mountains of central Bulgaria. It was formerly called Ferdinandov and, until 1950,

Romanian literature: After World War II: Demostene Botez, whose prewar poetry described the sadness of provincial life, later revealed a vigorous optimism, and Eugen Jebeleanu, who spent much of the 1930s as a left-wing journalist, produced increasingly abstracted poetry. Also among those who came to the fore during and after World…

bot fly, (family Oestridae), any member of a family of insects in the fly order, Diptera, in which the adults are beelike in appearance and hairy but without bristles. The larvae are parasitic on mammals. Horse bot flies (subfamily Gasterophilinae) include species of Gasterophilus, a serious horse

David Foster Wallace: Death and posthumous works: …collection of his nonfiction writing, Both Flesh and Not (2012), was also published posthumously.

Oliver Cromwell: Military and political leader of Oliver Cromwell: …appointed a member of the Committee of Both Kingdoms, which became responsible for the overall strategy of the Civil War. But since he was engaged at the front during the campaigning season, Cromwell took little part in its deliberations.

boxing: Boxing in art, literature, and film: …Stag at Sharkey’s (1909) and Both Members of This Club (1909). Bellows’s 1924 lithograph of Luis Firpo knocking Jack Dempsey out of the ring is perhaps the most famous of all boxing scenes. Other American painters of boxing include Thomas Eakins and James Chapin, both of whom ably rendered the…

Joni Mitchell: Later albums: …after performing her song “Both Sides Now.”

Juliette Binoche: …Avec amour et acharnement (Both Sides of the Blade), about a love triangle.

Maxwell Anderson: …humorous Pulitzer Prize-winning prose satire, Both Your Houses (1933), an attack on venality in the U.S. Congress. He reached the peak of his career with Winterset (1935), a poetic drama set in his own times. A tragedy inspired by the Sacco and Vanzetti case of the 1920s and set in…

Italianate painters: …the Italianates were Bartholomeus Breenbergh, Andries and Jan Both, Nicolaes Berchem, and Jan Asselijn. The Both brothers, of Utrecht, were to some degree rivals of the Haarlem-born Berchem. Andries painted the figures that populated Jan’s landscapes. Berchem’s own compositions were largely derived from the Arcadian landscapes of the French painter…

Jan Both was a Baroque painter and etcher, the leading master of the “Italianate” trend of Dutch landscape painting in the 17th century. Both first studied with his father, Dirck Both, a glass painter, and then with Abraham Bloemaert. From 1638 to 1641 he lived in Rome with his brother Andries; in

Jan Both was a Baroque painter and etcher, the leading master of the “Italianate” trend of Dutch landscape painting in the 17th century. Both first studied with his father, Dirck Both, a glass painter, and then with Abraham Bloemaert. From 1638 to 1641 he lived in Rome with his brother Andries; in

Jan Both was a Baroque painter and etcher, the leading master of the “Italianate” trend of Dutch landscape painting in the 17th century. Both first studied with his father, Dirck Both, a glass painter, and then with Abraham Bloemaert. From 1638 to 1641 he lived in Rome with his brother Andries; in

Pieter Both was a Dutch colonialist who was the first governor-general of the Netherlands East Indies. After sailing as an admiral in the Indies (1599–1601), he was sent in November 1609 to govern the colony, with instructions to see to it that the Netherlands had the entire monopoly of the trade

Louis Botha was a soldier and statesman who was the first prime minister of the Union of South Africa (1910–19) and a staunch advocate of a policy of reconciliation between Boers and Britons, as well as of limiting the political rights of Black South Africans. The son of a voortrekker (Boer pioneer

P. W. Botha was the prime minister (1978–84) and first state president (1984–89) of South Africa. A native of the Orange Free State, he studied law at the University of Orange Free State at Bloemfontein from 1932 to 1935 but left without graduating. Already active in politics in his teens, he moved

P. W. Botha was the prime minister (1978–84) and first state president (1984–89) of South Africa. A native of the Orange Free State, he studied law at the University of Orange Free State at Bloemfontein from 1932 to 1935 but left without graduating. Already active in politics in his teens, he moved

Walther Bothe was a German physicist who shared the Nobel Prize for Physics in 1954 with Max Born for his invention of a new method of detecting subatomic particles and for other resulting discoveries. Bothe taught at the universities of Berlin (1920–31), Giessen (1931–34), and Heidelberg

Walther Bothe was a German physicist who shared the Nobel Prize for Physics in 1954 with Max Born for his invention of a new method of detecting subatomic particles and for other resulting discoveries. Bothe taught at the universities of Berlin (1920–31), Giessen (1931–34), and Heidelberg

pleuronectiform: Annotated classification: Family Bothidae (left-eyed flounders) Eyes sinistral; anus generally far up on blind side; gill membranes connected; dorsal and anal fin rays shortened posteriorly; two series of intramuscular bones; pelvic fin bases on ocular side long, on blind side shorter, 6-fin rays in all but 1 species.…

English literature: Arnold and Clough: The Bothie of Tober-na-Vuolich (1848) is a narrative poem of modern life, written in hexameters. Amours de Voyage (1858) goes beyond this to the full-scale verse novel, using multiple internal narrators and vivid contemporary detail. Dipsychus (published posthumously in 1865 but not available in an…

Bay of Bothnia, gulf forming the northern part of the Gulf of Bothnia, the northern arm of the Baltic Sea, which lies between Finland and

Gulf of Bothnia, northern arm of the Baltic Sea, between Sweden (west) and Finland (east). Covering an area of about 45,200 square miles (117,000 square km), the gulf extends for 450 miles (725 km) from north to south but only 50 to 150 miles (80 to 240 km) from east to west; it is nearly closed

Bothnian Sea, the southern part of the Gulf of Bothnia, the northern arm of the Baltic Sea, which lies between Finland and