• Baker, Chesney Henry (American musician and vocalist)

    Chet Baker was an American jazz trumpeter and vocalist noted for the plaintive, fragile tone of both his playing and singing. He was a cult figure whose well-publicized struggles with drug addiction curtailed a promising career. Born in Oklahoma and reared in California from age 10, Baker began

  • Baker, Chet (American musician and vocalist)

    Chet Baker was an American jazz trumpeter and vocalist noted for the plaintive, fragile tone of both his playing and singing. He was a cult figure whose well-publicized struggles with drug addiction curtailed a promising career. Born in Oklahoma and reared in California from age 10, Baker began

  • Baker, Constance (American lawyer and jurist)

    Constance Baker Motley was an American lawyer and jurist, an effective legal advocate in the civil rights movement and the first African American woman to become a federal judge (1966–2005). Constance Baker’s father was a chef for Skull and Bones, an exclusive social club at Yale University in New

  • Baker, Dame Janet Abbott (English opera singer)

    Janet Baker is an English operatic mezzo-soprano who was known for her vocal expression, stage presence, and effective diction. As a recitalist, she was noted for her interpretations of the works of Gustav Mahler, Edward Elgar, and Johann Sebastian Bach. Baker studied voice in London until 1956,

  • Baker, David (American biochemist and computational biologist)

    David Baker is an American biochemist and computational biologist who developed computerized methods for the de novo (from scratch) design of proteins with entirely new functions. Baker’s work on protein structure prediction and design fueled advances in synthetic biology and in the development of

  • Baker, Diane (American actress)

    Journey to the Center of the Earth: Cast:

  • Baker, Dusty (American baseball player)

    Who Invented the High Five?: The Baker-Burke story: …Los Angeles Dodgers left fielder Dusty Baker slapped teammate Glenn Burke’s upraised palm after Baker’s 30th home run of the season on October 2, 1977. The home run made the Dodgers the first Major League Baseball team to have four players hit 30 home runs each in a single season.…

  • Baker, Ella (American activist)

    Ella Baker was an American community organizer and political activist who brought her skills and principles to bear in the founding of major civil rights organizations of the mid-20th century. She is widely recognized as one of the key leaders of the American civil rights movement. Baker was reared

  • Baker, Etta (American musician)

    Etta Baker was an American folk musician who influenced the folk music revival of the 1950s and ’60s with her mastery of East Coast Piedmont blues, a unique fingerpicking style of guitar-playing that is common to the Appalachian Mountains, especially areas of Georgia, the Carolinas, and Virginia.

  • Baker, Florence (British explorer)

    John Hanning Speke: …Nile explorers Samuel Baker and Florence von Sass (who later became Baker’s wife). Speke and Grant told them of another lake said to lie west of Lake Victoria. This information helped the Baker party to locate another Nile source, Lake Albert.

  • Baker, Gene (American sports manager)

    baseball: Integration: In 1961 Gene Baker became the first African American to manage a minor league team, and in the mid-1960s there were only two African American coaches in the major leagues. In 1975 the Cleveland Indians made Frank Robinson the first Black field manager in major league history.…

  • Baker, George (American religious leader)

    Father Divine was a prominent African American religious leader of the 1930s. The Depression-era movement he founded, the Peace Mission, was originally dismissed as a cult, but it still exists and is now generally hailed as an important precursor of the civil rights movement. Reportedly born on a

  • Baker, George Fisher (American financier)

    George Fisher Baker was an American financier, bank president, and philanthropist who endowed the Graduate School of Business Administration at Harvard. When the national banking system was created in 1863, Baker joined with several New York stockbrokers to establish the First National Bank of New

  • Baker, George Pierce (American drama teacher)

    George Pierce Baker was an American teacher of some of the most notable American dramatists, among them Eugene O’Neill, Philip Barry, Sidney Howard, and S.N. Behrman. Emphasizing creative individuality and practical construction (he guided students’ plays through workshop performances), Baker

  • Baker, Gilbert (American artist and activist)

    How Did the Rainbow Flag Become a Symbol of LGBTQ Pride?: …to 1978, when the artist Gilbert Baker, an openly gay man and a drag queen, designed the first rainbow flag. Baker later revealed that he was urged by Harvey Milk, one of the first openly gay elected officials in the U.S., to create a symbol of pride for the gay…

  • Baker, Ginger (British musician)

    Ginger Baker was an English drummer and percussionist known for his flamboyant playing style that incorporated intricate polyrhythms influenced by jazz, rock, and West African music. Baker was widely considered rock’s first superstar drummer, serving as the drummer for the seminal British rock

  • Baker, Henry (English naturalist)

    Noctiluca: English naturalist Henry Baker, in 1753, provided a scientific description of Noctiluca, which is a large (about 1–2 mm [0.04–0.08 inch] in diameter), spherical, gelatinous single-celled organism enveloped in a thin pellicle (outer covering). The cell contains a centrally located nucleus. Embedded within the cell cytoplasm are…

  • Baker, Herbert (British architect)

    Rashtrapati Bhavan: History: …and his primary collaborator was Herbert Baker. Lutyens designed the main palace, and Baker designed the two structures that make up the Secretariat buildings, called North Block and South Block, which frame Rashtrapati Bhavan when seen from Rajpath. The space between these two buildings became a contentious topic between Lutyens…

  • Baker, Houston A., Jr. (American educator and critic)

    Houston A. Baker, Jr. is an American educator and critic who proposed new standards, based on African American culture and values, for the interpretation and evaluation of literature. Baker attended Howard University (B.A, 1965), the University of Edinburgh, and the University of California at Los

  • Baker, Houston Alfred, Jr. (American educator and critic)

    Houston A. Baker, Jr. is an American educator and critic who proposed new standards, based on African American culture and values, for the interpretation and evaluation of literature. Baker attended Howard University (B.A, 1965), the University of Edinburgh, and the University of California at Los

  • Baker, James (American government official and political manager)

    James Baker is an American government official, political manager, and lawyer who occupied important posts in the Republican presidential administrations of the 1980s and early ’90s, including that of U.S. secretary of state (1989–92). (Read James Baker’s Britannica essay on isolationism.) The son

  • Baker, James Addison, III (American government official and political manager)

    James Baker is an American government official, political manager, and lawyer who occupied important posts in the Republican presidential administrations of the 1980s and early ’90s, including that of U.S. secretary of state (1989–92). (Read James Baker’s Britannica essay on isolationism.) The son

  • Baker, Janet (English opera singer)

    Janet Baker is an English operatic mezzo-soprano who was known for her vocal expression, stage presence, and effective diction. As a recitalist, she was noted for her interpretations of the works of Gustav Mahler, Edward Elgar, and Johann Sebastian Bach. Baker studied voice in London until 1956,

  • Baker, Joe Don (American actor)

    Phil Karlson: Later films: …sheriff Buford Pusser (played by Joe Don Baker) to clean up his corrupt Tennessee town using any means necessary. Karlson reteamed with Baker on Framed (1975), in which a gambler seeks revenge against the crooked cops who sent him to prison on a trumped-up charge. It was Karlson’s last film,…

  • Baker, Josephine (French entertainer)

    Josephine Baker was an American-born French dancer and singer who symbolized the beauty and vitality of Black American culture, which took Paris by storm in the 1920s. Baker grew up fatherless and in poverty. Between the ages of 8 and 10 she was out of school, helping to support her family. As a

  • Baker, LaFayette Curry (United States general)

    LaFayette Curry Baker was the chief of the U.S. Federal Detective Police during the American Civil War and director of Union intelligence and counterintelligence operations. In 1848 Baker left his home in Michigan, where the family had moved when he was a child, and worked at a variety of

  • Baker, LaVern (American singer)

    LaVern Baker was an American rhythm-and-blues singer notable for her vocal power and rhythmic energy. At age 17 she performed as Little Miss Sharecropper. Her 1955–65 tenure with Atlantic Records yielded 15 rhythm-and-blues hits, most notably “Tweedle Dee” (1955), “Jim Dandy” (1957), and “I Cried a

  • Baker, Lorenzo Dow (British entrepreneur)

    Jamaica: The crown colony: …the 19th century, when Captain Lorenzo Dow Baker, founder of the organization that later became the United Fruit Company, started a lucrative banana trade in Jamaica. Bananas soon became a principal export crop for small farmers as well as for large estates.

  • Baker, Louisa (American historical figure)

    Lucy Brewer was a self-professed first woman U.S. Marine, whose claim is colourful but generally agreed to be unfounded. According to legend, Lucy Brewer, originally a farm girl from Massachusetts, disguised herself as a man and served as a member of the USS Constitution Marine guard during the War

  • Baker, Mary (American religious leader)

    Mary Baker Eddy was a Christian religious reformer and founder of the religious denomination known as Christian Science. Mary Baker Eddy’s family background and life until her “discovery” of Christian Science in 1866 greatly influenced her interest in religious reform. She was born to devout

  • Baker, Michael (American engineer)

    bridge: Truss bridges: Designed by Michael Baker, the two-hinged arch truss carries four lanes of traffic 263 meters (876 feet) above the river and has a span of 510 meters (1,700 feet).

  • Baker, Mount (volcano, Washington, United States)

    Cascade Range: Mount Baker (10,778 feet [3,285 metres]) steamed heavily in 1975, and Mount Saint Helens (8,365 feet [2,550 metres]) erupted in 1980 and again in 1981. The mountains lie 100 to 150 miles (160 to 240 km) inland from the Pacific Ocean and east of the…

  • Baker, Nancy Kassebaum (United States senator)

    Nancy Kassebaum is an American Republican politician who was the first woman to represent Kansas in the U.S. Senate. Kassebaum served from 1978 to 1997, and during that time, she focused on health care issues and worked to end apartheid in South Africa. Nancy Landon was the daughter of Alfred M.

  • Baker, Newton D. (American politician)

    Newton D. Baker was a lawyer, political leader, and U.S. secretary of war during World War I. In 1897 Baker began to practice law in his hometown, moving later to Cleveland, where he served two terms (1912–16) as mayor. Baker, who had played an important role in Woodrow Wilson’s nomination in the

  • Baker, Newton Diehl (American politician)

    Newton D. Baker was a lawyer, political leader, and U.S. secretary of war during World War I. In 1897 Baker began to practice law in his hometown, moving later to Cleveland, where he served two terms (1912–16) as mayor. Baker, who had played an important role in Woodrow Wilson’s nomination in the

  • Baker, Nicholson (American author)

    United States: Literature: …the comic obsessive novels of Nicholson Baker through the work of those short-story writers and novelists, including Edmund White and David Leavitt, who have made art out of previously repressed and unnarrated areas of homoerotic experience. Literature is above all the narrative medium of the arts, the one that still…

  • Baker, Nora (British resistance agent)

    Noor Inayat Khan was a British resistance agent in Nazi-occupied France during World War II, serving in the Special Operations Executive (SOE). For several months in summer and fall of 1943, she was the only British intelligence agent operating in the Paris area, sending crucial wireless

  • Baker, Norma Jean (American actress)

    Marilyn Monroe was an American actress who became a major sex symbol, starring in a number of commercially successful films during the 1950s. These included Gentlemen Prefer Blondes (1953) and Some Like It Hot (1959). Behind the scenes, however, Monroe struggled to find happiness, and in 1962 she

  • Baker, Norma Jeane (American actress)

    Marilyn Monroe was an American actress who became a major sex symbol, starring in a number of commercially successful films during the 1950s. These included Gentlemen Prefer Blondes (1953) and Some Like It Hot (1959). Behind the scenes, however, Monroe struggled to find happiness, and in 1962 she

  • Baker, Peter (British musician)

    Ginger Baker was an English drummer and percussionist known for his flamboyant playing style that incorporated intricate polyrhythms influenced by jazz, rock, and West African music. Baker was widely considered rock’s first superstar drummer, serving as the drummer for the seminal British rock

  • Baker, Peter Edward (British musician)

    Ginger Baker was an English drummer and percussionist known for his flamboyant playing style that incorporated intricate polyrhythms influenced by jazz, rock, and West African music. Baker was widely considered rock’s first superstar drummer, serving as the drummer for the seminal British rock

  • Baker, Philip John (British statesman)

    Philip John Noel-Baker, Baron Noel-Baker was a British statesman and advocate of international disarmament who received the Nobel Prize for Peace in 1959. Fluent in seven languages, he campaigned widely for 40 years for peace through multilateral disarmament. The son of Canadian-born Quakers, Baker

  • Baker, Ray Stannard (American writer)

    Ray Stannard Baker was an American journalist, popular essayist, literary crusader for the League of Nations, and authorized biographer of Woodrow Wilson. A reporter for the Chicago Record (1892–98), Baker became associated with Outlook, McClure’s, and the “muckraker” American Magazine. He explored

  • Baker, Reginald (English producer)

    Ealing Studios: …known producers, Basil Dean and Reginald Baker, with the financial support of the Courtauld family, manufacturers of textiles, the company opened its own distribution outlet within two years and built the studios at Ealing near London. It produced several vaudeville-style musical comedies as well as serious feature films during the…

  • Baker, Rob (Canadian musician)

    the Tragically Hip: Overview: …were childhood neighbors and friends Rob Baker (b. April 12, 1962, Kingston) and Gord Sinclair (b. November 19, 1963, Kingston). They took their name from a skit in Monkees band member Mike Nesmith’s 1981 TV special Elephant Parts.

  • Baker, Roy Thomas (British record producer)

    Queen: Formation and first successful albums: Aided by producer Roy Thomas Baker, Queen shot up the international charts with its third album, Sheer Heart Attack (1974). A Night at the Opera (1975), one of pop music’s most expensive productions, sold even better. Defiantly eschewing the use of synthesizers, the band constructed a sound that…

  • Baker, Roy Ward (British director)

    A Night to Remember: Production notes and credits:

  • Baker, Russell (American journalist and humorist)

    Russell Baker was an American newspaper columnist, author, humorist, and political satirist, who used good-natured humour to comment slyly and trenchantly on a wide range of social and political matters. When Baker was five years old, his father died. From that time on, he and his mother and one of

  • Baker, Russell Wayne (American journalist and humorist)

    Russell Baker was an American newspaper columnist, author, humorist, and political satirist, who used good-natured humour to comment slyly and trenchantly on a wide range of social and political matters. When Baker was five years old, his father died. From that time on, he and his mother and one of

  • Baker, Samuel (British businessman)

    Sotheby’s: The founder, Samuel Baker (died 1778), a London bookseller, held his first auction (under his own name) early in 1744, selling an estate library of 457 books. Establishing the firm in York Street and handling further libraries over the years, he went into partnership with George Leigh…

  • Baker, Sara Josephine (American physician)

    Sara Josephine Baker was an American physician who contributed significantly to public health and child welfare in the United States. Baker prepared at private schools for Vassar College, but the death of her father put that school out of reach. She decided to study medicine and after a year of

  • Baker, Sean (American filmmaker)

    Academy Award for best original screenplay: 2020s: Assorted References

  • Baker, Shirley (Christian missionary)

    flag of Tonga: …relied heavily on an Englishman, Shirley W. Baker, for advice regarding a new flag, which was first hoisted in 1866 and codified in the constitution of November 4, 1875. Like the British Red Ensign, three-quarters of the flag was plain red and there was a distinctive canton in the upper…

  • Baker, Sir Benjamin (English civil engineer)

    Sir Benjamin Baker was an English civil engineer and the chief designer of the railway bridge over the Firth of Forth, Scotland. In 1861 Baker became an assistant to the consulting engineer John Fowler and by 1875 was his partner. Baker became Fowler’s chief assistant in 1869 and as such was

  • Baker, Sir Richard (British author)

    Sir Richard Baker was a British writer and author of A Chronicle of the Kings of England. Baker was educated at Hart Hall, Oxford, studied law in London, and traveled abroad. A member of Parliament in 1593 and 1597, he was knighted in 1603 and was high sheriff of Oxfordshire from 1620 to 1621.

  • Baker, Sir Samuel White (British explorer)

    Sir Samuel White Baker was an English explorer who, with John Hanning Speke, helped to locate the sources of the Nile River. The son of a merchant, Baker lived on the Indian Ocean island of Mauritius (1843–45) and in Ceylon (1846–55) before traveling through the Middle East (1856–60). In 1861, with

  • Baker, Thane (American athlete)

    Bobby Morrow: …race, pulling away from American Thane Baker in the final. Despite running with a bandaged thigh in the 200-metre dash, Morrow set an Olympic record (20.6 sec) while capturing his second gold medal. In the 4  × 100-metre relay, Morrow’s teammates, Ira Murchison, Leamon King, and Baker, gave him a…

  • Baker, Theodore (American music scholar and lexicographer)

    Theodore Baker was an American music scholar and lexicographer. Trained as a young man for business, Baker preferred to study music and went to Germany in 1874 for that purpose. He became a pupil of Oskar Paul at the University of Leipzig and received his Ph.D. there in 1882. His dissertation,

  • Baker, Tom (British actor)

    Doctor Who: …the longest-lasting of which was Tom Baker (1974–81). Over the course of the program, companions of the Doctor included Brigadier Lethbridge-Stewart (Nicholas Courtney), a commander in an organization that combats extraterrestrials; Jamie McCrimmon (Frazer Hines), an 18th-century Scotsman; and Sarah Jane Smith (Elisabeth Sladen), an investigative journalist.

  • Baker, William F. (American engineer)

    Skidmore, Owings & Merrill: A taller tallest building: …buttressed core designed by engineer William F. Baker and architect Adrian Smith, the skyscraper rises to 163 stories, making it the world’s tallest building and the world’s tallest freestanding structure. SOM was also behind the design for One World Trade Center (2014), creating the tallest building in the Western Hemisphere,…

  • Baker, William Robert (American hockey player)

    Miracle on Ice: After a near-loss, the Americans run the table: But Bill Baker—a defender from Minnesota—scored a goal with just 27 seconds left, allowing the Americans to salvage a 2–2 tie. The team then put itself on the map with a stunning 7–3 rout of Czechoslovakia, followed by victories over Norway, Romania, and West Germany, to…

  • Baker-Hamilton Commission (United States bipartisan panel)

    James Baker: …president Jimmy Carter) and the Iraq Study Group (with former U.S. congressman Lee Hamilton).

  • Bakersfield (California, United States)

    Bakersfield, city, seat (1875) of Kern county, south-central California, U.S. Located in the San Joaquin Valley, it was founded along the Los Angeles and Stockton road in 1869 by Thomas Baker, who reclaimed swamplands along the nearby Kern River. Bakersfield was an agricultural trade centre for the

  • bakery (commercial baking facility)

    Today in History—January 18: The Latest Sacrifice in the War Effort: Sliced Bread: The problem was that most bakeries—small shops and commercial factories—already owned slicing machines. Making consumers slice their own bread didn’t save much money, material, or man power. Bakeries found that unsliced loaves didn’t fit in the packaging they had, and consumers were terrible at cutting bread at home, with widespread…

  • bakery algorithm (computer science)

    Leslie Lamport: …which he called the “bakery algorithm,” involved assigning an integer to each process waiting to write to memory much the same way that a bakery patron obtains a number upon entering the store. Lamport worked to solve the problem of “Byzantine failures”—that is, conditions under which a malfunctioning component…

  • bakery product

    baking: Bakery products, which include bread, rolls, cookies, pies, pastries, and muffins, are usually prepared from flour or meal derived from some form of grain. Bread, already a common staple in prehistoric times, provides many nutrients in the human diet.

  • Bakewell glass

    Bakewell glass, glassware produced at the factory completed in 1808 in Pittsburgh, Pa., U.S., by Benjamin Bakewell, an Englishman from Derby who became known as the father of the flint-glass industry in the United States. The Pittsburgh Flint Glass Manufactory, then Bakewell & Company, and later

  • Bakewell, Benjamin (British craftsman)

    Bakewell glass: , by Benjamin Bakewell, an Englishman from Derby who became known as the father of the flint-glass industry in the United States. The Pittsburgh Flint Glass Manufactory, then Bakewell & Company, and later Bakewell & Page, operated until 1882. In 1810 the factory began to produce both…

  • Bakewell, Frederick (English scientist)

    fax: Early telegraph facsimile: Frederick Bakewell, an English physicist, was the first to actually demonstrate facsimile transmission. The demonstration took place in London at the Great Exhibition of 1851. Bakewell’s system differed somewhat from Bain’s in that images were transmitted and received on cylinders—a method that was widely practiced…

  • Bakewell, John P. (American inventor)

    pressed glass: …was developed in 1825 by John P. Bakewell of the United States. The invention of this device quickly led to the mass production of glassware and greatly reduced its cost. The pressing process became the single most important factor in making glassware affordable for everyday use.

  • Bakewell, Robert (British agriculturalist)

    Robert Bakewell was an agriculturist who revolutionized sheep and cattle breeding in England by methodical selection, inbreeding, and culling. Bakewell made his farm famous as a model of scientific management, and many of his methods are still commonly practiced today. As a young man, Bakewell

  • Bakfark, Bálint (Hungarian musician)

    Bálint Bakfark was a lutenist and composer who was the first Hungarian musician to attain a European reputation. Bakfark’s formative years were spent at the court of Transylvanian Prince János Zápolya (Szápolyai; later King John I), who bestowed nobility on him in return for his services. After

  • Bakfark, Valentin Greff (Hungarian musician)

    Bálint Bakfark was a lutenist and composer who was the first Hungarian musician to attain a European reputation. Bakfark’s formative years were spent at the court of Transylvanian Prince János Zápolya (Szápolyai; later King John I), who bestowed nobility on him in return for his services. After

  • Bakh, Aleksey Nikolayevich (Russian scientist)

    Aleksandr Oparin: Bakh, a botanist. Bakh left Russia at the time of the Revolution but later returned. Despite the financial difficulties of the times, the Soviet government established a biochemical institute in his honour in 1935 in Moscow; Oparin helped to found it and served as its…

  • Bakhchisaray (Ukraine)

    Bakhchysaray, city, southern Crimea, Ukraine, on the Simferopol-Sevastopol railway. Before passing to Russia in 1783, it was the capital of the Crimean khanate. The city has many buildings of historical and architectural interest, including the palace of the Tatar khans built in 1519. Pop. (2001)

  • Bakhchisaraysky fontan (work by Pushkin)

    Aleksandr Pushkin: Exile in the south: …Brothers), and Bakhchisaraysky fontan (1823; The Fountain of Bakhchisaray).

  • Bakhchysaray (Ukraine)

    Bakhchysaray, city, southern Crimea, Ukraine, on the Simferopol-Sevastopol railway. Before passing to Russia in 1783, it was the capital of the Crimean khanate. The city has many buildings of historical and architectural interest, including the palace of the Tatar khans built in 1519. Pop. (2001)

  • Bakhehisaray (Ukraine)

    Bakhchysaray, city, southern Crimea, Ukraine, on the Simferopol-Sevastopol railway. Before passing to Russia in 1783, it was the capital of the Crimean khanate. The city has many buildings of historical and architectural interest, including the palace of the Tatar khans built in 1519. Pop. (2001)

  • Bakheng (temple mountain, Cambodia)

    Southeast Asian arts: Kingdom of Khmer: 9th–13th century: The Bakheng, begun in 893, had an enormous series of 108 tower shrines arranged on the terraces around the central pyramid, which was crowned by a quincunx of principal shrines. The whole was intended to illustrate a mystical conception of the cosmos, very much on the…

  • Bakhit, Marouf al- (prime minister of Jordan)

    Jordan: Arab Spring and reform: …appointed a new prime minister, Marouf al-Bakhit. In an official statement the king tasked Bakhit with introducing political reforms and improving living conditions for all Jordanians.

  • Bakhita, Josephine Margaret (Roman Catholic saint)

    St. Josephine Bakhita ; canonized October 1, 2000; feast day February 8) was a Sudanese-born Roman Catholic nun who survived kidnapping and enslavement. She is venerated as the patron saint of Sudan and of victims of human trafficking. Josephine was born in the Daju village of Olgossa in Darfur.

  • Bakhita, Mother Josephine (Roman Catholic saint)

    St. Josephine Bakhita ; canonized October 1, 2000; feast day February 8) was a Sudanese-born Roman Catholic nun who survived kidnapping and enslavement. She is venerated as the patron saint of Sudan and of victims of human trafficking. Josephine was born in the Daju village of Olgossa in Darfur.

  • Bakhita, St. Josephine (Roman Catholic saint)

    St. Josephine Bakhita ; canonized October 1, 2000; feast day February 8) was a Sudanese-born Roman Catholic nun who survived kidnapping and enslavement. She is venerated as the patron saint of Sudan and of victims of human trafficking. Josephine was born in the Daju village of Olgossa in Darfur.

  • Bakhma Dam (dam, Asia)

    Tigris-Euphrates river system: Physiography of the Tigris: …flow is controlled by the Bakhma and Dukān dams. The rapids of Al-Fatḥah Gorge impede navigation.

  • Bakhmanyar, Abul Hasan (Azerbaijani author)

    Azerbaijan: Cultural life: …medieval scientists and philosophers are Abul Hasan Bakhmanyar (11th century), the author of numerous works on mathematics and philosophy, and Abul Hasan Shirvani (11th–12th centuries), the author of Astronomy. The poet and philosopher Nẹzāmī, called Ganjavī after his place of birth, Ganja, was the author of Khamseh (“The Quintuplet”), composed…

  • Bakhmut (Ukraine)

    Bakhmut, city, eastern Ukraine, on the Bakhmut River. The town originated in the 17th century as a fort protecting the Russian frontiers against the Crimean Tatars. Peter I (the Great) established a salt industry there in 1701, but seven years later the fort was destroyed in the Bulavin revolt. It

  • Bakhmut, Battle of (Russia-Ukraine War [2022–2023])

    Russia-Ukraine War: The Battle of Bakhmut and Prigozhin’s rebellion: Prigozhin’s Wagner forces intensified their focus on the city of Bakhmut in an effort to deliver some kind of victory for Moscow. For months poorly equipped Wagner convict troops conducted bloody human wave attacks while trying to encircle the…

  • Bakhrushin, S. V. (Soviet critic)

    Siberian Chronicles: Bakhrushin (1882–1950), is that the chronicles ultimately derive from a now-lost work, Napisany, kako priydosha v Sibir (“Description of How to Reach Siberia”), written in 1621 by survivors of the 16th-century expeditions into Siberia led by the Cossack hero Yermak Timofeyevich (q.v.). This work was…

  • Bakhshali manuscript (mathematics)

    Indian mathematics: Classical mathematical literature: …striking exception, however, in the Bakhshali manuscript, found in 1881 by a farmer in his field in Bakhshali (near modern Peshawar, Pakistan). Written in a variant of Buddhist Hybrid Sanskrit on birch bark, most likely about the 7th century, this manuscript is the only known Indian document on mathematics from…

  • Bakht Khan (Indian leader)

    Bakht Khan was the commander in chief of rebel forces in the early stages of the anti-British Indian Mutiny (1857–58). Related on his mother’s side to the ruling house of Oudh (Ayodhya), which was deposed by the British in 1856, Bakht Khan served for a number of years as a field battery commander

  • Bakhtadze, Mamuka (prime minister of Georgia)

    Georgia: Rise of Georgian Dream (GD): Kvirikashvili was replaced by Mamuka Bakhtadze.

  • Bākhtarān (Iran)

    Kermānshāh, city, capital of Kermānshāh province, western Iran. The city lies in the fertile valley of the Qareh Sū River and is situated on the ancient caravan route between the Mediterranean Sea and Central Asia. It was founded in the 4th century ce by Bahrām IV of the Sāsānian dynasty. Conquered

  • Bakhtiar, Shahpur (prime minister of Iran)

    Shahpur Bakhtiar was an Iranian politician, the last prime minister (January 4–February 11, 1979) under Mohammad Reza Shah Pahlavi. Bakhtiar studied law at the Sorbonne in Paris and fought in the French army during World War II. After the war he returned to Iran, where he became a leading figure in

  • Bakhtiari rug

    Bakhtiari rug, handwoven pile floor covering made under Bakhtyārī patronage in certain villages southwest of Eṣfahān in central Iran. Bakhtiari rugs are symmetrically knotted on a foundation of cotton. The colouring and patterns of these rugs are bold. The field is usually divided into compartments

  • Bakhtin, Mikhail (Russian philosopher and literary critic)

    Mikhail Bakhtin was a Russian literary theorist and philosopher of language whose wide-ranging ideas significantly influenced Western thinking in cultural history, linguistics, literary theory, and aesthetics. After graduating from the University of St. Petersburg (now St. Petersburg State

  • Bakhtin, Mikhail Mikhailovich (Russian philosopher and literary critic)

    Mikhail Bakhtin was a Russian literary theorist and philosopher of language whose wide-ranging ideas significantly influenced Western thinking in cultural history, linguistics, literary theory, and aesthetics. After graduating from the University of St. Petersburg (now St. Petersburg State

  • Bakhtiyārī (people)

    Bakhtyārī, one of the nomad peoples of Iran; its chiefs have been among the greatest tribal leaders in Iran and have long been influential in Persian politics. The Bakhtyārī population of approximately 880,000 occupies roughly 25,000 square miles (65,000 square km) of plains and mountains in

  • Bakhtyārī (people)

    Bakhtyārī, one of the nomad peoples of Iran; its chiefs have been among the greatest tribal leaders in Iran and have long been influential in Persian politics. The Bakhtyārī population of approximately 880,000 occupies roughly 25,000 square miles (65,000 square km) of plains and mountains in

  • Bakhtyārī rug

    Bakhtiari rug, handwoven pile floor covering made under Bakhtyārī patronage in certain villages southwest of Eṣfahān in central Iran. Bakhtiari rugs are symmetrically knotted on a foundation of cotton. The colouring and patterns of these rugs are bold. The field is usually divided into compartments

  • Bakhuis Gebergte (hill range, Suriname)

    Bakhuis Gebergte, range of hills, west central Suriname, running north–south, about 70 miles (110 km) in length and separating the basins of the Kabalebo and Nickerie rivers (west) from that of the Coppename River (east). The range is relatively low-lying, comprising a northward continuation of the