Azzone Dei Porci was a leader of the Bolognese school of jurists and one of the few to write systematic summaries (summae) rather than textual glosses of Roman law as codified under the Byzantine emperor Justinian I (6th century ad). His Summa codicis and Apparatus ad codicem together provided a

Azerbaijan, geographic region that comprises the extreme northwestern portion of Iran. It is bounded on the north by the Aras River, which separates it from independent Azerbaijan and Armenia; on the east by the Iranian region of Gīlān and the Caspian Sea; on the south by the Iranian regions of

Abul Fazl: Memoirs, letters, and dispatches: …by the third volume, the Āʾīn-e Akbarī (“The Institutes of Akbar”).

ʿĀʾishah was the third wife of the Prophet Muhammad (the founder of Islam), who played a role of some political importance after the Prophet’s death. All Muhammad’s marriages had political motivations, and in this case the intention seems to have been to cement ties with ʿĀʾishah’s father, Abū

ʿĀʾishah was the third wife of the Prophet Muhammad (the founder of Islam), who played a role of some political importance after the Prophet’s death. All Muhammad’s marriages had political motivations, and in this case the intention seems to have been to cement ties with ʿĀʾishah’s father, Abū

al-Aʿshā was a pre-Islāmic poet whose qaṣīdah (“ode”) is included by the critic Abū ʿUbaydah (d. 825) in the celebrated Muʿallaqāt, a collection of seven pre-Islāmic qaṣīdahs, each of which was considered by its author to be his best; the contents of the collection vary slightly, according to the

ʿayn, in Islāmic countries, an eminent person. Under the Ottoman regime (c. 1300–1923) the term at first denoted provincial or local notables, but in the 18th and early 19th century it was applied to a class of landlords who exercised political functions and were accorded official status. Many