Aranda, Aboriginal tribe that originally occupied a region of 25,000 square miles (65,000 square km) in central Australia, along the upper Finke River and its tributaries. The Aranda were divided into five subtribes, which were marked by differences in dialect. In common with other Aborigines, the

Simpson Desert, largely uninhabited arid region covering some 55,000 square miles (143,000 square km) in central Australia. Situated mainly in the southeastern corner of the Northern Territory, it overlaps into Queensland and South Australia and is bounded by the Finke River (west), the MacDonnell

Precambrian: Granulites and gneisses: the Musgrave and Arunta ranges in Australia, and in Lapland in the northern Baltic Shield. They were brought up from the mid-lower crust on major thrusts as a result of continental collisions.

arūpa-loka, (Sanskrit and Pāli: “world of immaterial form”), in Buddhist thought, the highest of the three spheres of existence in which rebirth takes place. The other two are rūpa-loka, “the world of form,” and kāma-loka, “the world of feeling” (the three are also referred to as arūpa-dhātu,

arūpa-loka, (Sanskrit and Pāli: “world of immaterial form”), in Buddhist thought, the highest of the three spheres of existence in which rebirth takes place. The other two are rūpa-loka, “the world of form,” and kāma-loka, “the world of feeling” (the three are also referred to as arūpa-dhātu,

arūpa-loka, (Sanskrit and Pāli: “world of immaterial form”), in Buddhist thought, the highest of the three spheres of existence in which rebirth takes place. The other two are rūpa-loka, “the world of form,” and kāma-loka, “the world of feeling” (the three are also referred to as arūpa-dhātu,

Aruqtai was the chief of the As (or Alan) Mongols, who allied himself with Mahamu, chief of the Oirat Mongols, and with him defeated Ugechi, whom the Ming dynasty had recognized as the chief of the Mongols. In 1423, he proclaimed himself great khan of the Mongols, launching devastating raids into

Ninhursag, in Mesopotamian religion, city goddess of Adab and of Kish in the northern herding regions; she was the goddess of the stony, rocky ground, the hursag. In particular, she had the power in the foothills and desert to produce wildlife. Especially prominent among her offspring were the

Arusha, administrative region, northern Tanzania, East Africa. It is bordered on the northeast by Kenya. The Serengeti Plain lies in the northwest, and the Masai Steppe, broken only by isolated gneiss hills, lies in the south. In the central area of the region are the Crater Highlands, bordering

Tanzania: Economy of Tanzania: …planning, as outlined in the Arusha Declaration of 1967. The declaration also resulted in the nationalization of a number of industries and public services. In the long term, however, the centrally planned economy contributed to a marked economic decline.

Arusha National Park, Preserve, northern Tanzania. Established in 1960, the park contains a rich variety of flora and fauna. It is the site of Mount Meru (14,978 ft [4,565 m]) and Ngurdoto Crater, an extinct volcano. Nearby are Mount Kilimanjaro, Olduvai Gorge, and Ngorongoro Crater, whose

African art: Horn of Africa: The Arusi, also of southern Ethiopia, make tombstones of like height, ornamented with engravings filled in with red or black, sometimes showing the deceased in rough relief. Similarly shaped gravestones—sometimes plain, sometimes adorned with decoration—occur in Somalia.

Jazīrat Arwād, island in the eastern Mediterranean off the Syrian coastal town of Ṭarṭūs. Originally settled by the Phoenicians in the early 2nd millennium bc, it formed an excellent base for their commercial operations, into both the Orontes Valley and the hinterland as far as the Euphrates, and

Denver: …ring of suburban communities, including Arvada, Aurora, Brighton, Broomfield, Cherry Hills Village, Englewood, Lakewood, Littleton, Northglenn, Thornton, Westminster, and Wheat Ridge;

Arval Brothers, in ancient Rome, college or priesthood whose chief original duty was to offer annual public sacrifice for the fertility of the fields. The brotherhood, probably of great antiquity, was almost forgotten in republican times but was revived by Augustus and probably lasted until the

Shaṭṭ Al-ʿArab, river in southeastern Iraq, formed by the confluence of the Tigris and Euphrates rivers at the town of Al-Qurnah. It flows southeastward for 120 miles (193 km) and passes the Iraqi port of Basra and the Iranian port of Ābādān before emptying into the Persian Gulf. For about the last

Arve River, river in eastern France and Switzerland, rising in the Savoy Alps and flowing north into the Rhône River below Geneva. Over its 62-mi (100-km) course, the river passes by some of the finest and most varied Alpine scenery. Its upper section collects the drainage of the northwest face of

Arverni, Celtic tribe that inhabited what is now the region of Auvergne, in central France. The Arverni dominated an extensive territory in the 2nd century bc, until they were defeated by the Romans in 121. In about 60 they invited Ariovistus, king of a German tribe, to aid them against their old

vole: The European water vole (Arvicola amphibius) is the largest of the native Eurasian voles, weighing up to 250 grams (9 ounces) and having a body up to 22 cm (9 inches) long and a tail up to 13 cm (5 inches). Depending upon the species, voles’…

Vietnam War: The Diem regime and the Viet Cong: …American training and weapons, the Army of the Republic of Vietnam, usually called the ARVN, was in many ways ill-adapted to meet the insurgency of the Viet Cong. Higher-ranking officers, appointed on the basis of their family connections and political reliability, were often apathetic, incompetent, or corrupt—and sometimes all three.…

Mount Arvon, peak, Baraga county, northern Upper Peninsula, Michigan, U.S. Reaching an elevation of 1,979 feet (603 metres), it is the highest point in the state. It lies about 12 miles (20 km) east of L’Anse, inland from the Lake Superior shore in a wilderness recreational region of lakes and

Jazīrat Arwād, island in the eastern Mediterranean off the Syrian coastal town of Ṭarṭūs. Originally settled by the Phoenicians in the early 2nd millennium bc, it formed an excellent base for their commercial operations, into both the Orontes Valley and the hinterland as far as the Euphrates, and

Celtic literature: The Middle Ages: Gwalchmai in his Arwyrain Owain (“Exaltation of Owain”) displayed one characteristic of all the gogynfeirdd, description of water, whether of river or sea. Bardic poetry, highly conventional in form, was now marked not by profundity but by adornment and linguistic virtuosity. Two poet-princes, Owain Cyfeiliog of Powys and…

Internet: Electronic publishing: For example, arXiv.org has transformed the rate at which scientists publish and react to new theories and experimental data. Begun in 1991, arXiv.org is an online archive in which physicists, mathematicians, computer scientists, and computational biologists upload research papers long before they will appear in a print…

Sri Lanka: Political changes: …south Indian dynasty called the Arya Chakaravartis seized power in the north. By the beginning of the 14th century, it had founded a Tamil kingdom, its capital at Nallur in the Jaffna Peninsula. The kingdom of Jaffna soon expanded southward, initiating a tradition of conflict with the Sinhalese, though Rajarata—by…

Arya Samaj, vigorous reform movement of modern Hinduism, founded in 1875 by Dayananda Sarasvati, whose aim was to reestablish the Vedas, the earliest Hindu scriptures, as revealed truth. He rejected all later accretions to the Vedas as degenerate but, in his own interpretation, included much

ariya-puggala, in Theravada Buddhism, a person who has attained one of the four levels of holiness. A first type of holy person, called a sotapanna-puggala (“stream-winner”), is one who will attain nibbana (Sanskrit nirvana)—release (moksha) from the cycle of death and rebirth (samsara), the

Aryabhata was an astronomer and the earliest Indian mathematician whose work and history are available to modern scholars. He is also known as Aryabhata I or Aryabhata the Elder to distinguish him from a 10th-century Indian mathematician of the same name. He is believed to have lived and worked at

Aryabhata, first unmanned Earth satellite built by India. It was named for a prominent Indian astronomer and mathematician of the 5th century ce. The satellite was assembled at Peenya, near Bangalore, but was launched from within the Soviet Union by a Russian-made rocket on April 19, 1975.

Aryabhata was an astronomer and the earliest Indian mathematician whose work and history are available to modern scholars. He is also known as Aryabhata I or Aryabhata the Elder to distinguish him from a 10th-century Indian mathematician of the same name. He is believed to have lived and worked at

Aryabhata was an astronomer and the earliest Indian mathematician whose work and history are available to modern scholars. He is also known as Aryabhata I or Aryabhata the Elder to distinguish him from a 10th-century Indian mathematician of the same name. He is believed to have lived and worked at

Bhaskara I: In his commentary on the Aryabhatiya, Bhaskara explains in detail Aryabhata’s method of solving linear equations and provides a number of illustrative astronomical examples. Bhaskara particularly stressed the importance of proving mathematical rules rather than just relying on tradition or expediency. In supporting Aryabhata’s approximation to π, Bhaskara criticized the…

Buddhism: Madhyamika (Sanlun/Sanron): Along with his disciple Aryadeva, the Indian philosopher Nagarjuna (c. 150–250 ce) is recognized as the founder and principal exponent of the Madhyamika system. Nagarjuna is the presumed author of the voluminous Mahaprajnaparamita-shastra (“The Great Treatise on the Perfection of Wisdom”), preserved in its Chinese translation (402–405) by

Aryan, name originally given to a people who were said to speak an archaic Indo-European language and who were thought to have settled in prehistoric times in ancient Iran and the northern Indian subcontinent. The theory of an “Aryan race” appeared in the mid-19th century and remained prevalent

Aryan Brotherhood, notoriously violent white supremacist group and organized crime syndicate. It is the oldest, largest, and deadliest prison gang in the United States. It was founded in 1964 in the San Quentin State Prison in California by Irish immigrants in reaction to prison desegregation. The

Aryan Nations, prominent Christian Identity-based hate group founded in the United States in the 1970s. In the 1970s and ’80s the Aryan Nations developed a strong network comprising neo-Nazi, skinhead, Ku Klux Klan (KKK), white supremacist, and militia groups, many of which congregated and

Hystaspes: …the Avesta (the Zoroastrian scripture) Aryana Vaejah, which may have been a Greater Chorasmian state abolished by the Achaemenid king Cyrus II the Great in the mid-6th century bc.

Darius I: Ascent to monarchy: …the insubordination of its satrap, Aryandes, whom he put to death.

race: Gobineau’s Essay on the Inequality of Human Races: …a new dogma of “Aryanism” that was to expand and become the foundation for Nazi race theories in the 20th century.

Arya Samaj, vigorous reform movement of modern Hinduism, founded in 1875 by Dayananda Sarasvati, whose aim was to reestablish the Vedas, the earliest Hindu scriptures, as revealed truth. He rejected all later accretions to the Vedas as degenerate but, in his own interpretation, included much

aryballos, small, narrow-necked, spherical or globular Greek vase. Commonly used as a scent or oil bottle, particularly by athletes at the baths, the aryballos derives from the globular wine pourer (oinochoe) of the Geometric style (9th century bc), evolving its distinctive shape in the early

Leone Modena was an Italian rabbi, preacher, poet, scholar, gambling addict, and polemicist who wrote an important attack on the Sefer ha-zohar (“Book of Splendour”), the chief text of Kabbala, the influential body of Jewish mystical teachings. By the time Modena was 12, he could translate portions

speech: Vocal cords: …the laryngeal vestibule, forming the aryepiglottic folds. These folds extend from the apex of the arytenoids to the lateral margin of the epiglottis. Laterally from this ring enclosing the laryngeal vestibule, the mucous membrane descends downward to cover the upper-outer aspects of the larynx where the mucous membrane blends with…

organohalogen compound: are subdivided into alkyl, vinylic, aryl, and acyl halides. In alkyl halides (also called haloalkanes) all four bonds to the carbon that bears the halogen are single bonds; in vinylic halides the carbon that bears the halogen is doubly bonded to another carbon; in aryl halides (also called haloarenes) the…

zinc group element: Toxicity of the elements: The behaviour of aryl salts—as for example phenylmercuric acetate—in the body is similar to that of inorganic compounds. Both groups if ingested cause vomiting, colic, and diarrhea, and both are skin irritants. No fatal case of aryl salt poisoning has been reported; however, exposure to alkyl salts has…

bladder cancer: Risk Factors, Causes, and symptoms: …class of organic chemicals called arylamines is another significant risk factor. People who work in the leather, rubber, printing, and textiles industries or with large quantities of paint are often exposed to these chemicals and should exercise caution in their use. Other risk factors include those associated with lifestyle, such…

metachromatic leukodystrophy: …called arylsulfatase A (ASA), or cerebroside sulfatase. Arylsulfatase A deficiency allows certain harmful sulfur-containing lipids, known as sulfosphingolipids (also called sulfatides), to accumulate in nerve tissues of the central nervous system instead of being broken down. Sulfatides can also accumulate in nerve tissue in organs, such as the kidneys and…

skate: …25 genera across three families—Rajidae, Arynchobatidae, and Anacanthobatidae—while others place all skates into family Rajidae.

human respiratory system: The larynx: …pyramidal pieces of cartilage, the arytenoid cartilages. The vocal ligaments are part of a tube, resembling an organ pipe, made of elastic tissue. Just above the vocal cords, the epiglottis is also attached to the back of the thyroid plate by its stalk. The cricoid, another large cartilaginous piece of…

Erzurum, city, eastern Turkey. It lies 6,400 feet (1,950 metres) above sea level in a fertile plain surrounded by high mountains. On a caravan route from Anatolia to Iran, Erzurum has been a major commercial and military centre since antiquity and is now a major rail station on the route between

Arzamas, city, Nizhegorod oblast (province), southwestern Russia, on the Tesha River, a tributary of the Oka River. First mentioned in a manuscript in 1366 and again in 1552, Arzamas was chartered in 1578. Agricultural equipment and food processing are the main economic activities, and there are

Arzamas society, Russian literary circle that flourished in 1815–18 and was formed for the semiserious purpose of ridiculing the conservative “Lovers of the Russian Word,” a group dominated by the philologist Aleksandr S. Shishkov, who wished to keep the modern Russian language firmly tied to Old

Yuly Borisovich Khariton: …KB-11, Arzamas-16, and currently the All-Russian Scientific Research Institute of Experimental Physics, which was responsible for designing the first Soviet fission and thermonuclear bombs.

Erzurum, city, eastern Turkey. It lies 6,400 feet (1,950 metres) above sea level in a fertile plain surrounded by high mountains. On a caravan route from Anatolia to Iran, Erzurum has been a major commercial and military centre since antiquity and is now a major rail station on the route between

Arzawa, ancient kingdom of western or southwestern Anatolia (its exact location is disputed). Although Arzawa was for long periods a rival of the Hittite kingdom, it was occasionally conquered and made a vassal by some of the more powerful Hittite kings, such as Labarnas I (c. 1680–c. 1650 bc).

Boğazköy: Excavations: …with that of the so-called Arzawa letters found in Tell el-Amarna in Egypt was soon recognized. This led the Berlin Assyriologist Hugo Winckler to undertake excavations in 1906 together with Theodore Makridi (Bey) of the Istanbul Museum. This first season yielded 2,500 fragments of tablets from the west side of…

Arzew, port town, northwestern Algeria. Arzew lies near the mouth of the Wadi Mehgoun. Its natural harbour on the Mediterranean Sea is sheltered by a mountainous promontory between the gulfs of Oran and Arzew. Arzew was an Almohad port in the 1100s. It was visited by Italian merchants in the 14th

Arzew, port town, northwestern Algeria. Arzew lies near the mouth of the Wadi Mehgoun. Its natural harbour on the Mediterranean Sea is sheltered by a mountainous promontory between the gulfs of Oran and Arzew. Arzew was an Almohad port in the 1100s. It was visited by Italian merchants in the 14th

Yuly Markovich Daniel was a Soviet poet and short-story writer who was convicted with fellow writer Andrey D. Sinyavsky of anti-Soviet slander in a sensational 1966 trial that marked the beginning of literary repression under Leonid I. Brezhnev, general secretary of the Communist Party. After being

Dave Wottle: Yevgeny Arzhanov, a Soviet runner who had not lost an 800-metre race in four years, was leading down the stretch. Less than 20 metres from the finish, Wottle made his final move and caught up to Arzhanov. As the two athletes neared the finish line,…

Asilah, city on the Atlantic coast of northwestern Morocco, south of Tangier. While some attribute its founding to the Phoenicians, others believe its origins date back to the Roman period; perhaps each account refers to a slightly different location on this busy coastal strip not far from Europe.

Dorothy Arzner was an American filmmaker who was the only woman directing feature-length studio films in Hollywood during the 1930s. From 1927 to 1943 she was credited with directing 17 films, including Christopher Strong (1933) and Dance, Girl, Dance (1940), both influential works of feminist

Álvaro Arzú was a Guatemalan businessman and politician who served as president of Guatemala (1996–2000). He helped the country take the first steps toward recovery from its decades-long civil war. Arzú also served as mayor of Guatemala City (1986–90, 2004–18). Descended from Basque immigrants,

Álvaro Arzú was a Guatemalan businessman and politician who served as president of Guatemala (1996–2000). He helped the country take the first steps toward recovery from its decades-long civil war. Arzú also served as mayor of Guatemala City (1986–90, 2004–18). Descended from Basque immigrants,

Álvaro Arzú was a Guatemalan businessman and politician who served as president of Guatemala (1996–2000). He helped the country take the first steps toward recovery from its decades-long civil war. Arzú also served as mayor of Guatemala City (1986–90, 2004–18). Descended from Basque immigrants,

ʿArʿar, city, northern Saudi Arabia, situated in the Northern region at an elevation of 1,854 feet (565 metres). ʿArʿar was developed in the early 1950s by seminomadic people who were attracted by water made available around the Trans Arabian Pipeline (Tapline). Agriculture and livestock raising

Arabia: Northern Arabia: …the largest of these are Wadi ʿArʿar and Wadi Al-Khurr.

African literature: Ethiopian: …Tekle Hawaryat wrote the novel Araya (1948–49), about the journeying of the peasant Araya to Europe to be educated and his struggle to decide whether to remain there or return to Africa. One of Ethiopia’s most popular novels, it explores generational conflict as well as the conflict between tradition and…

arsenic (As), a chemical element in the nitrogen group (Group 15 [Va] of the periodic table), existing in both gray and yellow crystalline forms. atomic number 33 atomic weight 74.921595 melting point (gray form) 814 °C (1,497 °F) at 36 atmospheres pressure density (gray form) 5.73 g/cm3 at 14 °C

coin: The beginnings: …marks of value, from the as (weighing one pound) down to its 12th, the uncia; the obverses showed the head of a deity, the reverses a ship’s prow. These were paralleled at mints elsewhere by similar cast coins; their types showed not, as at Rome, Latin deities but rather Greek…

Italo Svevo: …was its successor, Senilità (1898; As a Man Grows Older), featuring another bewildered hero. Svevo had been teaching at a commercial school, and, with Senilità’s failure, he formally gave up writing and became engrossed in his father-in-law’s business.

Nine Inch Nails: In 2026 the song “As Alive as You Need Me to Be,” from the soundtrack for the film Tron: Ares (2025), won the duo a Grammy for best rock song.

Canadian literature: Modern period, 1900–60: …category fall the Prairie novels As for Me and My House (1941) by Sinclair Ross, Who Has Seen the Wind (1947) by W.O. Mitchell, and The Mountain and the Valley (1952) by Ernest Buckler, set in Nova Scotia’s Annapolis valley. These novels strain the bonds of conventional narrative structures as…

James L. Brooks: …Brooks scored another hit with As Good As It Gets (1997), which presented a romance between an aging curmudgeon (played by Jack Nicholson) and a single mother (Helen Hunt) and garnered Oscars for both of its leads. His later films included Spanglish (2004), which explored class and cultural differences between…

Alicia Keys: Musical success: …2007 Keys released the soul-infused As I Am, which featured the Grammy-winning single “No One.” The following year she teamed with Jack White of the White Stripes on “Another Way to Die,” the lead single on the soundtrack to the James Bond film Quantum of Solace. As I Am continued…

Sarashina nikki, a classic of Japanese literature of the Heian period (794–1185), written about 1059 by a woman known as Sugawara Takasue no Musume (“Daughter of Sugawara Takasue”), also called Lady Sarashina. The work was translated into English as As I Crossed a Bridge of Dreams. One of four

As I Lay Dying is a novel by American author William Faulkner, published in 1930. It is one of the many novels that Faulkner set in the fictional Yoknapatawpha county, Mississippi. It follows the Bundrens, a “poor white” Southern family, as they make their slow and difficult way to Jefferson,

Laurie Lee: …what became an autobiographical trilogy, As I Walked Out One Midsummer Morning (1969), a description of his walk to London and then across Spain just prior to that country’s civil war; and A Moment of War (1991), an account of his experiences in Spain during that war. Lee’s other works…

philosophy of as if, the system espoused by Hans Vaihinger in his major philosophical work Die Philosophie des Als Ob (1911; The Philosophy of “As If”), which proposed that man willingly accept falsehoods or fictions in order to live peacefully in an irrational world. Vaihinger, who saw life as a

Clement Attlee: Prime ministership and later years: His memoirs, As It Happened (1954), are distinguished more for their laconic discretion than their revelatory interest.

David Storey: … (1984), A Serious Man (1998), As It Happened (2002), and Thin-Ice Skater (2004).

Manuel dos Santos Lima: …de Janeiro, and his second, As Lagrimas e o Vento (1975; “Tears and Wind”), in Lisbon. The latter work is a fictional account of the war of liberation that resulted in independence. Lima also published a volume of poems, Kissange (1961), and a play, A Pele do Diabo (1977; “The…

Jürgen Klinsmann: …left the team to join AS Monaco of the French Ligue 1 in 1992. He led Monaco to an appearance in the 1994 Champions League semifinals, a feat that—combined with the five goals he scored in that summer’s World Cup—contributed to his earning German Player of the Year honors. In…

AS Roma, Italian professional football (soccer) team based in Rome. AS Roma has been an almost constant presence in Italy’s top league, Serie A, throughout its history. It is one of the best-supported teams in the country. AS Roma was founded in 1927 and joined Serie A upon the league’s formation

Olympe Bhêly-Quénum: …novel C’était à Tigony (2000; As She Was Discovering Tigony), in which a geophysicist begins to question her life and views, especially those concerning global capitalism.

Wong Kar-Wai: Wonggok ka moon (1988; As Tears Go By) was Wong’s first film as a director. A young man is torn between his love for his cousin and his friendship with his impetuous Triad “brother.” The film is Wong’s most conventional in terms of style and narrative but presents some…

Canadian literature: Modern period, 1900–60: …she published her first collection, As Ten as Twenty (1946), which includes the evocative renowned poem “Stories of Snow.” Page’s later work increasingly reflected her interest in esoteric places, forms, and religions, from Sufism (Evening Dance of the Grey Flies, 1981) to the glosa, a Spanish poetic form (Hologram: A…

David Harbour: Career: …spot in the soap opera As the World Turns (1999–2000). He also made appearances in the crime dramas Law & Order: Special Victims Unit (2002), Hack (2003), and Law & Order: Criminal Intent (2004 and 2009).

Hans Werner Grosse: Grosse’s record-breaking glider, an AS W-12, weighed 324 kg (716 pounds) and had a wingspan of 18.95 metres (62.2 feet) and a top speed of 220 km (137 miles) per hour. On January 4, 1981, he set a world record of 1,306.856 km (811.56 miles) for distance around a…

Orlando: Adaptations: …played by Laurence Olivier in 1936, marked by a display of physical vigor and ardor. Other portrayals sought to emphasize the character’s youthful diffidence and emotional vulnerability, such as Marianne Elliott’s staging in 2000 at the Royal Exchange Theatre, in which English actor Tristan Sturrock played Orlando.

Kenneth Branagh: …2006 he directed the film As You Like It. He also directed and acted in the motion pictures Dead Again (1991) and Mary Shelley’s Frankenstein (1994).

As You Like It, five-act comedy by William Shakespeare, written and performed about 1598–1600 and first published in the First Folio of 1623. Shakespeare based the play on Rosalynde (1590), a prose romance by Thomas Lodge. The play has two principal settings: the court that Frederick has usurped

rocket and missile system: Antiship: …antiship missiles, beginning with the AS-1 Kennel. The destruction of an Israeli destroyer by two SS-N-2 Styx missiles fired by Soviet-supplied Egyptian missile boats in October 1967 demonstrated the effectiveness of the Soviet systems, and the Western powers developed their own guided missiles. The resultant systems began entering service in…

rocket and missile system: Air-to-surface: … and AS-9, and the television-guided AS-10 Karen and AS-14 Kedge (the last with a range of about 25 miles). These missiles were fired from tactical fighters such as the MiG-27 Flogger and attack helicopters such as the Mi-24 Hind and Mi-28 Havoc.

rocket and missile system: Air-to-surface: …the television-guided AS-10 Karen and AS-14 Kedge (the last with a range of about 25 miles). These missiles were fired from tactical fighters such as the MiG-27 Flogger and attack helicopters such as the Mi-24 Hind and Mi-28 Havoc.

rocket and missile system: Antiship: …aircraft included the 50-foot, swept-wing AS-3 Kangaroo, introduced in 1961 with a range exceeding 400 miles. The AS-4 Kitchen, a Mach-2 (twice the speed of sound) rocket-powered missile with a range of about 250 miles, also was introduced in 1961, and the liquid-fuel, rocket-powered Mach-1.5 AS-5 Kelt was first deployed…

tactical weapons system: Air-to-surface systems: The Soviet AS-4 missile is more than 36 feet (11 m) long and is launched by a Tupolev bomber. It is presumed to be inertially guided until it approaches its selected target, when it homes in on the target. The French Belouga system is a cluster of…

rocket and missile system: Antiship: 5 AS-5 Kelt was first deployed in 1966. The Mach-3 AS-6 Kingfish, introduced in 1970, could travel 250 miles.

rocket and missile system: Antiship: The Mach-3 AS-6 Kingfish, introduced in 1970, could travel 250 miles.

rocket and missile system: Air-to-surface: …among these was the radio-command-guided AS-7 Kerry, the antiradar AS-8 and AS-9, and the television-guided AS-10 Karen and AS-14 Kedge (the last with a range of about 25 miles). These missiles were fired from tactical fighters such as the MiG-27 Flogger and attack helicopters such as the Mi-24 Hind and…