Tottenham Hotspur FC: Later history: 1973–present: …contributions of Ricky Villa and Osvaldo Ardiles, two Argentine players who had been part of the winning 1978 FIFA World Cup squad. Their arrival at White Hart Lane broke the nearly 50-year ban on foreign footballers playing professionally in England. In 1981 and 1982 the Spurs claimed back-to-back FA Cups.…

Pierre Le Moyne d’Iberville was a French-Canadian naval hero and explorer, noted for his exploration and battles on behalf of the French in Hudson Bay and in the territory of Louisiana. The son of prominent Montreal fur trader Charles Le Moyne, Iberville spent his young manhood in raids against

African music: Harps: Examples are the ennanga (Uganda), ardin (Mauritania), kinde (Lake Chad region), and ngombi (Gabon).

Wilhelm Heinse: In Heinse’s famous novel Ardinghello und die glückseligen Inseln (1787; “Ardinghell and the Blessed Islands”), the hero is an artist and a dreamer who founds a utopia on a Greek island. Glorifying eroticism and the aesthetic life, it is a forerunner of the Künstlerroman (“artist novel”) of the Romantic…

Ardipithecus, the earliest known genus of the zoological family Hominidae (the group that includes humans and excludes great apes) and the likely ancestor of Australopithecus, a group closely related to and often considered ancestral to modern human beings. Ardipithecus lived between 5.8 million

Aramis: …that have yielded remains of Ardipithecus kadabba that date to between 5.2 and 5.8 million years ago. A toe bone recovered from this age range is unlike that of apes and has a diagnostically humanlike shape that indicates upright walking (bipedalism). This is part of the accumulating evidence confirming the…

Aramis: 4-million-year-old fossils of Ardipithecus ramidus found in 1992 and named in 1994.

Ardmore, city, seat (1907) of Carter county, southern Oklahoma, U.S., north of the Red River, near Lake Texoma and the Texas state line. Founded in 1887 in Chickasaw Indian Territory after the arrival of the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railroad, the town was named for the Philadelphia suburb that

Mordecai Ardon was an eminent Israeli painter who combined jewel-like, brilliantly coloured forms with virtuoso brushwork. He created modern, semiabstract paintings that are deeply moving. Ardon emigrated from his native Poland to Germany, spending the years 1921–25 at the Weimar Bauhaus, where he

Mordecai Ardon was an eminent Israeli painter who combined jewel-like, brilliantly coloured forms with virtuoso brushwork. He created modern, semiabstract paintings that are deeply moving. Ardon emigrated from his native Poland to Germany, spending the years 1921–25 at the Weimar Bauhaus, where he

Benin: History of Benin: …area was the kingdom of Allada (Ardra), but in the 18th and 19th centuries its place was taken by Dahomey. In the north, the largest group was the Bariba, the most important state being the kingdom of Nikki, which formed part of a confederacy including other Bariba states located in…

MERS: Complications include acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC), kidney failure, and pericarditis (inflammation of the membranous sac that envelops the heart). More than 60 percent of infected persons who develop serious illness require hospitalization, and individuals die in more than 30 percent of reported…

Ards, former district (1973–2015) within the former County Down, now in the Ards and North Down district, eastern Northern Ireland. The former district extended northward from just south of the village of Killinchy along the western shoreline of Strangford Lough (inlet of the sea) to the town of

Ards and North Down, district, eastern Northern Ireland. It is bounded to the north by Belfast Lough, to the east by the Irish Sea, to the south by the Newry, Mourne and Down district, to the west by the Lisburn and Castlereagh City district, and to the northwest by the Belfast City district. Much

Henry II: …into northern Italy to subdue Arduin of Ivrea, who had styled himself king of Italy. His sudden interference led to bitter fighting and atrocities, and although Henry was crowned king in Pavia on May 15, 1004, he returned home, without defeating Arduin, to pursue his campaigns against Bolesław. In 1003…

Giovanni Arduino was the father of Italian geology, who established bases for stratigraphic chronology by classifying the four main layers of the Earth’s crust as Primary, Secondary, Tertiary, and Quaternary. From an early age, Arduino showed an interest in mining, establishing a reputation

ancient Iranian religion: Cosmography: …down which flowed the river Ardvī. The earth was divided into six continents surrounding the central continent, Khvaniratha, the locus of Aryāna Vaijah, the Aryan land (i.e., Iran).

Saraswati, Hindu goddess of learning, the arts, and music. She first appears in Vedic sources, as the personification of the sacred river Saraswati, which might have been a physical river, though later texts describe it as having disappeared. As Hinduism developed, Saraswati became identified with

Anāhiti, ancient Iranian goddess of royalty, war, and fertility; she is particularly associated with the last. Possibly of Mesopotamian origin, her cult was made prominent by Artaxerxes II, and statues and temples were set up in her honour throughout the Persian empire. A common cult of the various

Anatolia: The Cimmerians, Lydia, and Cilicia, c. 700–547 bce: Ardys, his successor on the Lydian throne (651–c. 615), again attacked Miletus and took Priene. During his reign Sardis was taken a second time, that time by the Treres, a Thracian tribe that operated in close connection with the Cimmerians. According to Assyrian sources, Ardys…

are, unit of area in the metric system, equal to 100 square metres and the equivalent of 0.0247 acre. Its multiple, the hectare (equal to 100 ares), is the principal unit of land measurement for most of the world. The are was the basic unit of area when the metric system was first decreed in France

You know you’re supposed to save for retirement, and if your employer offers a 401(k) plan, building a nest egg can be a cinch. But the fees charged by some 401(k) plans can take a toll on the returns your retirement account should be racking up, leaving you to wonder, “Where’d the money go?”

No, not all dairy cattle are female, but only female cattle (cows) produce milk. Milk production is a sex-limited character—that is, while both male and female cattle carry genes that influence milk production, only females express the trait. Male cattle, or bulls, play a crucial role in breeding.

Bats are idiosyncratic creatures, with habits that humans find incredibly odd—like occasional bloodsucking, sleeping upside down, and staying up all night. We characterize bats as supernatural, associating them with vampires and even superheroes. With their talent for echolocation, that’s no

With their fuzzy noses and rounded ears, bats are often called “rats with wings” or “flying rodents” by people who misunderstand them. But are they really related to the rodent family? Flatly, no. Bats are not even remotely related to mice or rats. Bats belong to the order Chiroptera, which is

Color, in terms of pigment, is every shade and hue found in a brand new box of crayons (and any combination you could make from them). To put it in scientific terms, however, color is simply the range of visible light that humans can see. Different colors, such as red and orange, and other

Black caimans (Melanosuchus niger) are the largest members of Alligatoridae, a family of reptiles made up of eight living species. Even though American alligators (Alligator mississippiensis) have a reputation for being large and menacing, black caimans—the dominant predators of the Amazon River

Cheetahs are cats, not dogs. They belong to the family Felidae, which includes all cat species, from the domestic cat to large wild cats such as lions, tigers, and leopards. Cheetahs are specifically classified under the genus Acinonyx, making them distinct from other big cats but still firmly

For years, no one knew why female chimpanzees prefer to give birth alone. Chimpanzee births in the wild are rarely spotted by researchers, largely because expectant mothers often take a “maternity leave” from their family unit, hiding away by themselves until their child is born. On December 2,

The following article contains spoilers for the Apple TV show Pluribus, season 1, episode 7 (“The Gap”). Looking for the biology and facts behind that ominous warning and chilling encounter with the chunga palms in the Darién Gap? Nothing like a surprising episode to pique your interest in botany,

A medium-sized, short-legged, catlike creature with a ringed-tail is on display in a natural history museum that you are visiting. Unfortunately, it is missing a name tag. A visiting group of students starts debating its identity; some think it is a genet cat, others call it a civet. One student

It’s a common belief that cows are unable to walk down stairs. Many people think that you can get a cow up stairs but getting it back down isn’t going to happen without getting pretty creative. But is there actually any truth to this? To put it simply: it is very difficult for cows to walk down

Falling birth rates have the potential to reshape economies, demographics, policies, labor, and even the environment at a global scale. It is no surprise then that concerns over their descent have sparked extreme reactions and apocalyptic predictions, with Tesla CEO Elon Musk tweeting in April

In film and television, whenever the perspective of a dog is shown, the scene is usually edited to be in black, white, and grey—bright red roses look dull and dark, and fresh-cut grass seems more artificial than natural. But is this common portrayal of a dog’s-eye view true to reality? Is man’s

The ongoing quarrel about whether dogs or cats are smarter has divided pet lovers throughout history—and scientific research has provided fuel for the debate. Some studies suggest biological differences in intelligence between cats and dogs. Research reveals that the cerebral cortex, the layer of

Donkeys are intelligent animals, though they’re often thought to be slow and stubborn. Studies suggest that donkeys show signs of intelligence through cognitive traits such as memory, problem-solving, learning from their environment, and adapting to new challenges. Donkeys may appear stubborn, but

Green potatoes can be toxic and should not be eaten without removing all green parts. The green color itself comes from harmless chlorophyll, but its presence in potatoes indicates that the tubers have increased their production of a poisonous glycoalkaloid known as solanine. A neurotoxin, solanine

Hyenas are neither cats nor dogs. While they possess features that lead to this common confusion and share more recent ancestry with cats, hyenas are classified in their own distinct family, Hyaenidae. The family Hyaenidae diverged from the cat group about 30 million years ago. This divergence led

Iguanodons (genus Iguanodon) and iguanas (subfamily Iguaninae) are related only insofar as both are reptiles—but so are turtles and snakes. Iguanas are in the lizard family and are only distantly related to dinosaurs like iguanodons on the evolutionary tree. Although their similar names suggest

Koalas are not aggressive by nature, and they usually avoid humans and other potential threats. There are exceptions, however, such as when a koala is startled or is approached during the mating season or when it is injured or distressed. In these instances, a koala may hiss, snarl, or grunt as a

Like ruminants, a llama chews its cud, which consists of plants it has eaten and then regurgitates and rechews to break down the cellulose in it. But unlike the so-called true ruminants—a type of mammal that includes cattle, sheep, and goats, among others—llamas have a three-chambered stomach. True

One of the most controversial topics in finance is the efficient-market hypothesis, introduced by economist Eugene Fama in a study as part of his 1965 doctoral dissertation. The theory—formalized in a 1970 paper—holds that the financial markets are efficient, meaning no investor can gain an edge by

All Native Americans—as well as Alaska Natives, who often do not identify with the term Native American—“born within the territorial limits of the United States” are U.S. citizens. This has been the case since 1924, when Pres. Calvin Coolidge signed the Snyder Act, also called the Indian

For athletes who stand on the top step of the Olympic podium and get a gold medal placed around their necks, the moment—and the medal—is priceless. But the reality is that the gold medal is not worth much more than the silver medal around the neck of the second-place finisher. That is because,

Giant pandas, more commonly called pandas, are currently listed as vulnerable in the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. After being classified as endangered for nearly three decades, their status was changed to “vulnerable” in 2016 by the IUCN. However, the threats they face have not been

Penguins tend to be monogamous and many species form long-term pair bonds. For instance, macaroni penguins are mostly monogamous and engage in what researchers call an “ecstatic display,” which includes neck arching and beak thrusting, when reuniting with their partners. Galapagos penguins are also

Porcupines are not aggressive. Their behavior is rooted in self-preservation. When faced with a threat, they turn their rear, where their quills are most concentrated, toward the perceived danger. These quills, which detach upon contact and embed in an attacker, are a passive defense mechanism

Yes, Puerto Ricans are U.S. citizens—and have been since 1917. Yet many people in the United States remain unaware of that fact. A 2016 public opinion poll by The Economist and YouGov found that less than half of U.S. respondents correctly identified Puerto Ricans as U.S. citizens. People born in

Sand dollars are indeed alive. They are fascinating marine invertebrates that make up the order Clypeastroida (a group of echinoderms in class Echinoidea). Sand dollars are closely related to sea urchins and heart urchins, with which they share a similar flat, disk-shaped body structure and radial

Magic certainly abounds when it comes to the jolly man at the North Pole, but if Santa Claus’s reindeer have a life cycle like wild reindeer, then yes, his animal helpers are all female. Reindeer, which are also known as caribou, are a species of large deer found in the Arctic tundra and the nearby

In 2016 a shock went through the global literary community when folk music icon Bob Dylan was awarded the Nobel Prize for Literature. Citing him “for having created new poetic expressions within the great American song tradition,” the Nobel committee essentially seemed to be calling the

Yes, sponges are indeed considered animals, although they look like plants and show an obvious lack of movement. They belong to the phylum Porifera, which is a group of primitive multicellular aquatic animals. This classification is based on their cellular structures and biological functions, which

What do you call the region that encompasses southwestern Asia and northeastern Africa: the Middle East or the Near East? Middle East essentially supplanted Near East in the early 20th century, although the two are now used interchangeably among English speakers. So, for all intents and purposes,

All governments manage their territories with laws. This is easy enough to understand with respect to solid ground: when you look at a map, borders usually mark where the authority of one country ends and another’s begins. But what about maritime countries, which either border or are completely

Are you a logical, precise thinker, or would you say that you’re more free-spirited and artistic? If you’re the former, somebody’s probably told you at some point that you’re a left-brained person, and if you’re the latter, right-brained. The notion that the right half of the brain is the creative

Yes, there are—but that depends on the definition of “surrounded.” To put it more precisely, there are many smaller municipalities in the United States that are completely or mostly surrounded by larger ones. Examples of such urban enclaves include Hamtramck, Michigan (surrounded by Detroit), and

At a molecular level, atoms are always seeking shapes or combinations with other atoms that generate the least amount of strain and the most stability. Although the triangle is a strong shape in engineering, a molecule formed of three atoms in a triangle is both relatively unstable and uncommon.

Wesley Ruggles: The sound era: …then made the socially conscious Are These Our Children? (1931), a cautionary tale of a youth (played by Eric Linden) who turns to a life of crime and ends up sentenced to death. His films from 1932 include No Man of Her Own, a solid romance with Clark Gable and…

Lions may be kings, but tigers are larger—earning their place as the biggest of the world’s “big cats” (genus Panthera). The Siberian tiger, also called the Amur tiger, holds the title for the largest tiger subspecies. These majestic creatures can reach up to 4 meters (13 feet) in total length and

Viruses are not considered living organisms in the traditional sense. Viruses are unique infectious agents that can only multiply within the living cells of animals, plants, or bacteria. They are not free-living entities and are completely dependent on a host cell for their metabolism and

It’s no surprise that an erupting volcano is one that should be avoided at all costs, given the extreme heat of the lava, the rocks pelting through the air, and the suffocating ash. But what about volcanoes that aren’t erupting? Can they also be dangerous? Volcanoes can be dangerous even when

Ice Cube: Film and TV career: …We There Yet? (2005) and Are We Done Yet? (2007), both of which also featured him in a lead role. He coproduced the highly successful N.W.A biopic Straight Outta Compton (2015), in which his son, O’Shea Jackson, Jr., played Ice Cube. Ice Cube and his wife, Kimberly Woodruff, whom he…

Ice Cube: Film and TV career: …credits on several more, including Are We There Yet? (2005) and Are We Done Yet? (2007), both of which also featured him in a lead role. He coproduced the highly successful N.W.A biopic Straight Outta Compton (2015), in which his son, O’Shea Jackson, Jr., played Ice Cube. Ice Cube and…

Ryan Gosling: Early life and The All-New Mickey Mouse Club: …the children’s horror anthology shows Are You Afraid of the Dark? and Goosebumps.

Jimi Hendrix: The Jimi Hendrix Experience: …followed before their first album, Are You Experienced?, was released in the summer of 1967, when it was second in impact only to the Beatles’ Sgt. Pepper’s Lonely Hearts Club Band. Its immediate successor, Axis: Bold as Love, followed that December. On Paul McCartney’s recommendation, Hendrix was flown to California…

Lenny Kravitz: Career: …other albums followed soon after, Are You Gonna Go My Way (1993) and Circus (1995). Through the 1990s he also wrote and recorded songs for a variety of artists, including Aerosmith, Kiss, and Vanessa Paradis.

Matthew Weiner: …the poorly received comedy film Are You Here (2013), which chronicles the misadventures of two dissipated layabouts, played by Owen Wilson and Zach Galifianakis.

As reliably as the swallows returning to San Juan Capistrano in March, the end of summer sparks a migration of a different sort, as aficionados of American football cluster in basement man caves, pubs, and Internet hangouts to draft their fantasy football teams. According to the Fantasy Sports

Do you dream of early retirement? If so, you’re not alone. It’s tantalizing to think of ditching the rat race early to enjoy more of your life. There are several potential strategies for those who’d like to opt out of working before their 60s. But is retiring early always the way to go? And if you

quiz show: …Be a Millionaire (1999–2020), and Are You Smarter Than a 5th Grader? (2007–10, 2015, 2019– ).

Judy Blume: Are You There God? It’s Me, Margaret: …literature with the publication of Are You There God? It’s Me, Margaret, a preteen novel told from the perspective of Margaret Simon, an 11-year-old girl whose family has moved to a new town. Margaret, who has a Christian mother and a Jewish father, struggles to understand her developing body and…

Chelsea Handler: Books and other work: Are You There, Chelsea?, an NBC sitcom based on Handler’s books, aired in 2012. Handler served as executive producer for the show and appeared in a supporting role. Her later books include Life Will Be the Death of Me:…and You Too! (2019), which chronicles her…

Chelsea Handler: Books and other work: Handler’s second book, Are You There, Vodka? It’s Me, Chelsea (2008) debuted at the top of the New York Times nonfiction best-seller list. It was followed by Chelsea Chelsea Bang Bang (2010) and Lies That Chelsea Handler Told Me (2011), a collection of anecdotes written by her friends…

The question of whether zebras are white with black stripes or black with white stripes might seem like the set-up for a classic joke like this one: Q: What’s black and white and red all over? A: A zebra with a sunburn! But this question is no joke, because it actually does have an answer: zebras

Oceanic music and dance: The Solomon Islands: The ‘Are‘are people of Malaita, in the Solomon Islands, distinguish four types of panpipe ensemble and more than 20 musical types. The music of panpipe ensembles enjoys the highest prestige among the ‘Are‘are. They have an extensive system of thought about music that centres on ‘au,…

Mundelein, village, Lake county, northeastern Illinois, U.S. A suburb of Chicago, it lies 35 miles (55 km) north-northwest of downtown. Before settlement the area was inhabited by Potawatomi Indians. The village was founded in 1835 and was successively known as Mechanics Grove, for the English

length, area, and volume: segment (see distance formulas), area is the size of a closed region in a plane, and volume is the size of a solid. Formulas for area and volume are based on lengths. For example, the area of a circle equals π times the square of the length of its…

human eye: Cortical neurons: …of responses from neurons in area 17 there was an interesting change in the nature of the receptive fields; there was still the organization into excitatory (on) and inhibitory (off) zones, but these were linearly arranged, so that the best stimulus for evoking a response was a line, either white…

Area 51, secret U.S. Air Force military installation located at Groom Lake in southern Nevada. It is administered by Edwards Air Force Base in southern California. The installation has been the focus of numerous conspiracies involving extraterrestrial life, though its only confirmed use is as a

Sir Arthur Travers Harris, 1st Baronet: …Air Marshal Harris developed the saturation technique of mass bombing—that of concentrating clouds of bombers in a giant raid on a single city, with the object of completely demolishing its civilian quarters. Conducted in tandem with American precision bombing of specific military and industrial sites by day, saturation bombing was…

solid-waste management: Constructing the landfill: …topography or groundwater conditions, the area method may be practiced, resulting in a mound or hill rising above the original ground. Since no ground is excavated in the area method, soil usually must be hauled to the site from some other location. Variations of the area method may be employed…

strip mining: …strip-mining techniques are classified as area mining or contour mining on the basis of the deposit geometry and type. The cycle of operations for both techniques consists of vegetation clearing, soil removal, drilling and blasting of overburden (if needed), stripping, removal of the coal or other mineral commodity, and reclamation.

human nervous system: Vasopressin and cardiovascular regulation: The area postrema, which lies on the floor of the fourth ventricle in the medulla oblongata, is also involved as a special chemical sensor of the plasma.

area rule, aircraft design principle formulated by American engineer Richard Whitcomb which stated that the drag on an airplane flying at high speed is a function of the aircraft’s entire cross-sectional area. Bodies which pass through the so-called transonic zone—the zone separating speeds below

statistics: Sample survey methods: …of cluster sampling is called area sampling, where the clusters are counties, townships, city blocks, or other well-defined geographic sections of the population.

coal mining: Mining methods: …(1) contour strip mining, (2) area strip mining, (3) open-pit mining, and (4) auger mining.

area studies, multidisciplinary social research focusing on specific geographic regions or culturally defined areas. The largest scholarly communities in this respect focus on what are loosely defined as Asian, African, Latin American, or Middle Eastern studies, together with a variety of subfields

culture area, in anthropology, geography, and other social sciences, a contiguous geographic area within which most societies share many traits in common. Delineated at the turn of the 20th century, it remains one of the most widely used frameworks for the description and analysis of cultures.

Law of the Sea: …seas is known as the International Seabed Area (also known as “the Area”), for which the 1982 convention established a separate and detailed legal regime. In its original form this regime was unacceptable to developed countries, principally because of the degree of regulation involved, and was subsequently modified extensively by…

The combined area of the Great Lakes (some 94,250 square miles [244,106 square km]) represents the largest surface of fresh water in the world. The lakes—Superior, Michigan, Huron, Erie, and Ontario—are located in east-central North America and provide a natural border between Canada and the United

Kepler’s second law of planetary motion, in astronomy and classical physics, one of three laws describing the motions of the planets in the solar system and which states that a radius vector joining any planet to the Sun sweeps out equal areas in equal lengths of time. The validity of Kepler’s

betel: …seed of the areca, or betel, palm (Areca catechu)—in a betel pepper leaf (Piper betle) along with slaked lime (calcium hydroxide) to cause salivation and release stimulating alkaloids. In some cases cardamom, turmeric, or another aromatic is added for flavor and stimulation. In India, for example, betel quids known as…

9 Mind-Altering Plants: Betel nut (Areca catechu): …of the world’s population, and betel is considered to be the fourth most-common psychoactive drug in the world (following nicotine, alcohol, and caffeine). Betel nuts grow on the areca palm and are cultivated in India, Sri Lanka, Thailand, Malaysia, and the Philippines. For chewing, a betel quid is formed by…

betel: …seed of the areca, or betel, palm (Areca catechu)—in a betel pepper leaf (Piper betle) along with slaked lime (calcium hydroxide) to cause salivation and release stimulating alkaloids. In some cases cardamom, turmeric, or another aromatic is added for flavor and stimulation. In India, for example, betel quids known as…

palm: Flowers: …may rarely be 3 (Areca triandra, Geonoma triandra, Nypa fruticans) or more numerous, ranging from 6 to 36 in Heterospathe, to more than 200 in such groups as Caryota, Phytelephas, and Veitchia. Sterile stamens may differ only slightly from fertile stamens, or they may consist of a filament alone…

palm, (family Arecaceae), family of nearly 190 genera and more than 2,450 species of monocotyledonous flowering plants (order Arecales). Members of the palm family are of major ecological importance to many tropical ecosystems and provide food and habitat to a wide range of wildlife. Economically,

Arecales, order of flowering plants that contains only one family, Arecaceae (fomerly known as Palmae), which comprises nearly 190 genera and more than 2,450 species of palms. The order includes some of the most important plants in terms of economic value, including coconuts, dates, oil palm, and

Arecibo, town, northern Puerto Rico. It lies on a small inlet near the mouth of the Arecibo River. One of the oldest municipalities in the commonwealth, it was authorized in 1537 by the Spanish crown and settled in 1556. In 1616 it was chartered as a town and in 1778 received the royal title villa.

Arecibo Observatory, astronomical observatory located 16 km (10 miles) south of the town of Arecibo in Puerto Rico. It was the site of the world’s largest single-unit radio telescope until FAST in China began observations in 2016. This instrument, built in the early 1960s, employed a 305-metre

Arecibo River, river in west-central Puerto Rico. The Arecibo River rises in the Cordillera Central just east of Mount Guilarte. It flows north-northeast about 40 miles (65 km) through a coffee-growing region and descends across the northern coastal plain to empty into the Atlantic Ocean just east