water temperature

Water's thermal properties are influenced by its molecular structure, which allows for the formation of bonds between molecules. This property gives water a high heat capacity, meaning it resists temperature changes and acts as a thermal buffer.1

Key thermal properties of water include:
* Freezing Point: Pure water freezes at 0 °C (32 °F).2
* Boiling Point: Pure water boils at 100 °C (212 °F).2
* Temperature of Maximum Density: Water is densest at approximately 4 °C (39.2 °F).3

When salt is added, as in seawater, the freezing point is lowered, and the boiling point is raised. Seawater also has a slightly lower heat capacity than pure water. The energy absorbed or released during a change in physical state (like melting or boiling) without a change in temperature is known as latent heat. Water has a high latent heat of fusion and vaporization, which plays a significant role in regulating temperatures.14