volcano-tectonic depression

A volcano-tectonic depression, also known as a caldera, is a large, bowl-shaped depression formed by the collapse of a volcanic cone into an underlying magma chamber after a violent eruption. These depressions are typically much wider than the original volcanic vent.1

While calderas are primarily formed by volcanic activity, some depressions in volcanic regions have irregular, angular outlines. These are called volcano-tectonic depressions because their shape is influenced by pre-existing tectonic structures like joints and faults in the Earth's crust. Their formation is also linked to the rapid extrusion of lava. These depressions are a type of tectonic landform, created by the uplift or subsidence of the Earth's crust or by upward magmatic movements.23