At a Glance
Universe: References & Edit History
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Additional Reading
The standard reference is Anton Pannekoek, A History of Astronomy (1961, reissued 1989; originally published in Dutch, 1951). Excellent accounts of early ideas can be found in J.L.E. Dreyer, A History of Astronomy from Thales to Kepler, 2nd ed. (1953); and Giorgio De Santillana, The Origins of Scientific Thought (1961, reissued 1970). A historical account of our understanding of galaxies and the extragalactic universe is Timothy Ferris, Coming of Age in the Milky Way (2003).
Article Contributors
Primary Contributors
Other Contributors
- Eugenio Quintana
Other Encyclopedia Britannica Contributors
Article History
| Type | Description | Contributor | Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| Article title updated for style. | Nov 09, 2026 | ||
| Media added. | Jul 28, 2026 | ||
| Changed “13.7 billion years” to “13.8 billion years.” | Jul 28, 2026 | ||
| Modified link of Web site: Geosciences LibreTexts - Origin of the Universe. | Apr 10, 2026 | ||
| Add new Web site: Salt Lake Community College Pressbooks - Physical Geography and Natural Disasters - The Universe. | May 09, 2024 | ||
| Links and video added. | May 05, 2023 | ||
| Add new Web site: Geosciences LibreTexts - Origin of the Universe. | Dec 05, 2022 | ||
| Add new Web site: NASA Science - What is the universe? | Mar 29, 2022 | ||
| Add new Web site: Space.com - Our Expanding Universe: Age, History & Other Facts. | Dec 21, 2020 | ||
| Add new Web site: LiveScience - How Did the Universe Begin? | May 03, 2018 | ||
| Added "For an article about the possible existence of other universes, see multiverse." | May 12, 2017 | ||
| Added video about the size of the universe. | Dec 03, 2015 | ||
| Add new Web site: Buzzle.com - Universe. | May 15, 2014 | ||
| The words "the creation of the universe" changed to "the creation of the universe 13.7 billion years ago" in the first paragraph. |
|
Mar 04, 2013 | |
| Add new Web site: KidsAstronomy.com - The Universe. | Feb 05, 2013 | ||
| Add new Web site: How Stuff Works - Science - Universe. | Feb 05, 2013 | ||
| Add new Web site: NeoK12 - Educational Videos and Games for School Kids - Universe. | Nov 03, 2011 | ||
| Video of scale of the universe added. | Aug 22, 2011 | ||
| Added new Web site: National Geographic - Science - Origins of the universe. | Apr 16, 2009 | ||
| Added new Web site: National Geographic - Science and Space - Universe. | Apr 16, 2009 | ||
| Article revised. | Feb 27, 2009 | ||
| Added new Web site: National Aeronautics of Space Administration - How Did Structure Form in the Universe? | Apr 09, 2008 | ||
| Added new Web site: The Official Site of Cosmos. | Oct 03, 2007 | ||
| Added new Web site: University of California - Division of Astronomy and Astrophysics - Age of the Universe. | May 15, 2007 | ||
| Added new Web site: PBS Online - Mysteries of Deep Space. | Dec 05, 2006 | ||
| Added new Web site: PBS Online - Mysteries of Deep Space. | Dec 05, 2006 | ||
| Added new Web site: NASA - Star Child - A Leaning Center for Young Astronomers. | Nov 15, 2006 | ||
| Added new Web site: NASA - Science at NASA. |
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Oct 30, 2006 | |
| Added new Web site: Introduction to Cosmology. | Sep 28, 2006 | ||
| Added new Web site: Museum of Science, Boston - welcome to The Universe. | Aug 09, 2006 | ||
| Added new Web site: Museum of Science, Boston - welcome to The Universe. | Aug 09, 2006 | ||
| Added new Web site: Sea and Sky - The Sky. | Jul 05, 2006 | ||
| Added new Web site: Sea and Sky - The Sky. | Jul 05, 2006 | ||
| Added new Web site: Science and Creationism: A View from the National Academy of Sciences. | Jun 22, 2006 | ||
| Added new Web site: Window To The Universe. | Jun 22, 2006 | ||
| Article added to new online database. | Jul 20, 1998 |
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