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In the Köppen climate classification system, Type E climates represent the coldest regions on Earth. These climates are defined by their low temperatures, with the warmest month averaging below 10°C (50°F). Type E climates are further divided into two subtypes: Tundra (ET) and Snow/Ice climates (EF).12

  • Tundra (ET) climates have a mean temperature in the warmest month between 0°C (32°F) and 10°C (50°F).1
  • Snow/Ice climates (EF) are characterized by extremely cold temperatures year-round, with the warmest month averaging 0°C (32°F) or below. These climates are found in polar ice caps and permanently frozen areas.13
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