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Tubal ligation is a surgical procedure for permanent female sterilization that prevents conception by interrupting the pathway of ova from the ovaries to the uterus. This procedure involves tying, stitching, severing, or coagulating the fallopian tubes. While historically simple ligation had a high failure rate, modern techniques using clips, bands, or coils offer greater permanence or higher reversal rates. Tubal ligation is a highly effective form of contraception, considered permanent and generally irreversible, though reversal procedures exist with limited success. It can be performed through open surgery or endoscopically, often requiring anesthesia.123

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