trigeminal nerve

The trigeminal nerve (CN V) is the largest cranial nerve and plays a dual role, possessing both motor and sensory functions. Its sensory fibers transmit sensations of pain, temperature, and deep pressure from the face, oral cavity, nasal cavity, and parts of the dura mater. The motor fibers serve the muscles responsible for chewing.1

The trigeminal nerve branches into three main nerves: the ophthalmic, maxillary, and mandibular. The mandibular nerve, for instance, innervates areas including the tongue, lower teeth, and skin over the mandible.1

A condition known as trigeminal neuralgia, or tic douloureux, involves intense, episodic pain along the branches of this nerve, primarily affecting individuals over 55. This pain can be triggered by simple actions like touching the face, talking, or eating. Treatment may involve medication or, in severe cases, surgical intervention to decompress or sever the nerve's sensory root.23