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temperature
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Round thermometer mounted outside a window shows a temperature below 0 degrees Fahrenheit. The window has frost and cracks, with snow on the sill. Three thermometers compare temperature scales, showing absolute zero, freezing, and boiling points of water in Celsius, Fahrenheit, and Kelvin, with labeled values for each scale. ahrenheit to Celsius converter interface with pink input box, temperature field set to 0 degrees Fahrenheit, output 0 degrees Celsius, and formula (degrees Fahrenheit minus 32) times 5 divided by 9 equals degrees Celsius. Two world maps compare projected changes in average surface temperature between 2020-2029 and 2090-2099, relative to 1980-1999. The 2020s map shows mostly light yellow and orange shades, indicating moderate warming across most continents. By the 2090s, the map is dominated by dark red and purple, especially in northern latitudes, illustrating much higher temperature increases globally. A color scale at right shows temperature changes in degrees Celsius and Fahrenheit. Three line graphs display trends from 1850 to 2000: global average temperature and sea level both rise, while Northern Hemisphere snow cover declines, illustrating climate change impacts. pure water and temperature A graph plots reduced magnetization versus reduced temperature for a magnet, showing experimental curves for nickel and a nickel-copper alloy, and a theoretical curve for J equals one-half. Magnetization decreases as temperature approaches the critical point. global average surface temperature A vertical temperature scale shows the cryogenic region, highlighted from absolute zero up to about 90 kelvin, with key points where gases like oxygen, nitrogen, hydrogen, and helium liquefy, alongside temperature conversions between kelvin, Celsius, Fahrenheit, and Rankine.
Study the phenomena of ferromagnetism, antiferromagnetism, and paramagnetism and also how temperature affects magnetic properties
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temperature: References & Edit History

Article Contributors

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  • The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica
    Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree. They write new content and verify and edit content received from contributors.

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Article History

Type Description Contributor Date
Modified link of Web site: OpenStax - University Physics Volume 2 - Thermometers and Temperature Scales. Apr 24, 2026
Add new Web site: OpenStax - University Physics Volume 2 - Thermometers and Temperature Scales. Jan 17, 2026
Add new Web site: College of DuPage Digital Press - Conceptual Physics - Temperature and heat. Dec 24, 2025
Added Celsius to Fahrenheit temperature converter. Dec 22, 2025
Add new Web site: Thompson Rivers University Pressbooks - Personal Care Skills for Health Care Assistants - Temperature. Dec 01, 2025
Article revised and updated. Oct 28, 2025
Add new Web site: National Center for Biotechnology Information - PubMed Central - Is precipitation a good metric for model performance? Sep 26, 2025
Add new Web site: Chemistry LibreTexts - Temperature. Apr 21, 2025
Questions and answers added. Mar 14, 2025
Add new Web site: University of Anbar - Skull (PDF). Jun 19, 2024
Add new Web site: University of California - Understanding Global Change - Temperature. May 07, 2024
Add new Web site: National Center for Biotechnology Information - PubMed Central - What Is Temperature? Modern Outlook on the Concept of Temperature. Mar 29, 2024
Add new Web site: Roger Williams University Open Publishing - Introduction to Oceanography - Temperature. Feb 13, 2024
Add new Web site: The University of Hawaiʻi Pressbooks - Temperature. Mar 27, 2023
Add new Web site: The Physics Classroom - Temperature and Thermometers. Dec 01, 2022
Add new Web site: OpenStax - College Physics 2e - Temperature. Aug 24, 2022
Corrected display issue. Apr 01, 2021
Media added. Jan 10, 2019
Add new Web site: LiveScience - Temperature: Facts, History & Definition. Mar 13, 2018
Added information on the Réaumur temperature scale. Mar 21, 2017
Add new Web site: Weather Wiz Kids - Temperature. Jun 02, 2014
Added photograph. Dec 06, 2012
Add new Web site: Science Kids - Fun Science and Technology for Kids! - Temperature. Mar 21, 2012
Add new Web site: NeoK12 - Educational Videos and Games for School Kids - Heat and Temperature. Nov 02, 2011
Added new Web site: The Educator's Reference Desk - Temperature: Is it Hot or Cold? Mar 19, 2009
Added new Web site: The Educator's Reference Desk - Temperature: Is it Hot or Cold? Mar 19, 2009
Added new Web site: PBS - NOVA - Absolute Zero. Oct 03, 2008
Added new Web site: Hyperphysics - Temperature. Jul 14, 2008
Added new Web site: Department of Mathematics at University of California - Temperature. Jul 14, 2008
Added new Web site: Wolfram Research - Eric Weisstein's World of Physics - Temperature. Jul 14, 2008
Added new Web site: USMA - Metric system temperature. Jul 14, 2008
Added new Web site: Visionlearning - Temperature. Jul 14, 2008
Added new Web site: Office of Naval Research - Ocean Water: Temperature. May 19, 2008
Added new Web site: Environmental Literacy Council - Temperature. Apr 07, 2008
Added new Web site: Conjecture Corporation - How is Temperature Measured? Apr 16, 2007
Article revised. Apr 29, 2004
Article added to new online database. Jul 20, 1998
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