surface wave propagation

communications

Also known as: surface propagation

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Last updated

July 14, 2026

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Surface wave propagation is a method by which radio waves travel along the Earth's surface, acting like they are within a waveguide. This is particularly effective for low radio frequencies. The signal's strength decreases with distance, ground resistance, and the transmitted frequency. This type of propagation is more efficient over seawater due to its high conductivity compared to land. At frequencies below 3 megahertz, surface waves can cover vast distances, with ranges extending up to 10,000 km at 1 kilohertz. This contrasts with seismic waves, which are vibrations generated by events like earthquakes and travel within or along the Earth's surface.12

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Surface propagation
For low radio frequencies, terrestrial antennas radiate electromagnetic waves that travel along the surface of the Earth as if in a waveguide. The attenuation of surface waves increases with distance, ground resistance, and transmitted frequency. Attenuation is lower over seawater, which has high…
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For low radio frequencies, terrestrial antennas radiate electromagnetic waves that travel along the surface of the Earth as if in a waveguide. The attenuation of surface waves increases with distance, ground resistance, and transmitted frequency. Attenuation is lower over seawater, which has high…
Read More