stratification

Stratification in a biological community refers to the layering of species, both vertically and horizontally, within an ecosystem. This layering is often a result of succession and is influenced by environmental gradients such as light, temperature, and water availability.1

In forests, vertical stratification can be observed with distinct layers like the herb, shrub, small tree, and canopy tree layers, each receiving different amounts of light. Animals often associate with specific layers for their activities.1

Horizontal stratification occurs due to variations in environmental factors across a region, influencing the distribution of species. These gradients contribute to biodiversity and can create distinct boundaries between communities or a more integrated flow of species.1

Biological communities are also structured by trophic levels, forming a trophic pyramid. This pyramid illustrates how energy flows from primary producers (like plants) to consumers at higher levels. The complexity of these structures allows more species to coexist, contributing to community stability.23