stimulus-response behaviour
Quick Summary
Stimulus-response (S-R) theory in psychology explains learning and behavior through the interaction of stimuli and the responses they trigger. This idea developed from early concepts of conditioning, where a response becomes more predictable due to reinforcement.12
Key figures like Ivan Pavlov demonstrated how animals could be conditioned to respond to stimuli, such as dogs salivating at the sound of a metronome. Edward L. Thorndike proposed the "law of effect," suggesting that responses followed by positive consequences are more likely to be repeated.12
Behaviorism, a dominant school of thought in early 20th-century psychology, focused exclusively on observable behaviors and excluded inner mental experiences. It viewed organisms as responding to environmental stimuli and internal biological processes. Understanding how stimuli influence behavior is valuable for guiding learning and addressing behavioral phenomena.31
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animal behaviourInstinctive learningā¦to associate a novel (conditioned) stimulus with a familiar (unconditioned) one. For example, in his study of classical conditioning, Russian physiologist Ivan Petrovich Pavlov demonstrated that by consistently exposing a dog to a particular sound (novel stimulus) and simultaneously placing meat powder (familiar stimulus) in its mouth the dog couldā¦
Read Moreā¦to associate a novel (conditioned) stimulus with a familiar (unconditioned) one. For example, in his study of classical conditioning, Russian physiologist Ivan Petrovich Pavlov demonstrated that by consistently exposing a dog to a particular sound (novel stimulus) and simultaneously placing meat powder (familiar stimulus) in its mouth the dog couldā¦
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insectInstinctsā¦itself by responding to the stimuli it receives. Formerly, insect behaviour was described as a series of movements in response to stimuli. That hypothesis has been supplanted by one that holds that the insect has a central nervous system with built-in patterns of behaviour or instincts that can be triggeredā¦
Read Moreā¦itself by responding to the stimuli it receives. Formerly, insect behaviour was described as a series of movements in response to stimuli. That hypothesis has been supplanted by one that holds that the insect has a central nervous system with built-in patterns of behaviour or instincts that can be triggeredā¦
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instinctLorenz: genetically determined behaviourā¦triggered by a specific external stimulus (āsign stimulusā or āreleaserā)āthis stimulus, and hence the performance of the action pattern, being the goal and terminus of variable sequences of āappetitive behaviour.ā In one description, Lorenz even included the idea that an animal experiences a craving for the opportunity to perform theā¦
Read Moreā¦triggered by a specific external stimulus (āsign stimulusā or āreleaserā)āthis stimulus, and hence the performance of the action pattern, being the goal and terminus of variable sequences of āappetitive behaviour.ā In one description, Lorenz even included the idea that an animal experiences a craving for the opportunity to perform theā¦
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avoidance behaviourPain, startle, and noveltyā¦mammals (including man) many such responses are patently inborn, as is the reflex withdrawal of oneās finger from a hot griddle.
Read Moreā¦mammals (including man) many such responses are patently inborn, as is the reflex withdrawal of oneās finger from a hot griddle.
Read More- psychomotor learningRefractory period and anticipation
ā¦quick, discrete responses to two stimuli separated in time by one-half second or less, an operatorās reaction time (latency) for executing the second response is typically longer than that of his first response. This difference in reaction time is called the psychological refractory period.
Read Moreā¦quick, discrete responses to two stimuli separated in time by one-half second or less, an operatorās reaction time (latency) for executing the second response is typically longer than that of his first response. This difference in reaction time is called the psychological refractory period.
Read More - time perceptionAdaptation to successive events
One may respond to stimulation in an immediate way (as in unconditioned reflex action) without taking the element of time into account. Stimulation, however, can also signal an event to follow; then it has meaning only as part of the sequence of which it is the first term: bellā¦
Read MoreOne may respond to stimulation in an immediate way (as in unconditioned reflex action) without taking the element of time into account. Stimulation, however, can also signal an event to follow; then it has meaning only as part of the sequence of which it is the first term: bellā¦
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thoughtThese events are inputs (stimuli, present and past) and outputs (responses, including bodily movements and speech). For many psychologists such intervening variables serve as aids in making sense of the immensely complicated network of associations between stimulus conditions and responses, the analysis of which otherwise would be prohibitively cumbersome.ā¦
Read MoreThese events are inputs (stimuli, present and past) and outputs (responses, including bodily movements and speech). For many psychologists such intervening variables serve as aids in making sense of the immensely complicated network of associations between stimulus conditions and responses, the analysis of which otherwise would be prohibitively cumbersome.ā¦
Read More- thoughtMotivational aspects of thinking
ā¦of secondary reward value and stimulus generalizationāi.e., the tendency of a stimulus pattern to become a source of satisfaction if it resembles or has frequently accompanied some form of biological gratification. The insufficiency of this kind of explanation becomes apparent, however, when the importance of novelty, surprise, complexity, incongruity, ambiguity,ā¦
Read Moreā¦of secondary reward value and stimulus generalizationāi.e., the tendency of a stimulus pattern to become a source of satisfaction if it resembles or has frequently accompanied some form of biological gratification. The insufficiency of this kind of explanation becomes apparent, however, when the importance of novelty, surprise, complexity, incongruity, ambiguity,ā¦
Read More - transfer of trainingKinds of transfer
ā¦is conditioned to salivate in response to a sound wave of 1,000 cycles per second, it will also salivate if it is next exposed to a tone of 900 cycles per second, although typically the volume of saliva will be slightly reduced. In this case, transfer of training occurs betweenā¦
Read Moreā¦is conditioned to salivate in response to a sound wave of 1,000 cycles per second, it will also salivate if it is next exposed to a tone of 900 cycles per second, although typically the volume of saliva will be slightly reduced. In this case, transfer of training occurs betweenā¦
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