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Spawning is the process by which fish reproduce, typically by releasing eggs and sperm into the water. Most bony fish are oviparous, meaning they lay eggs, which are then fertilized externally. These eggs are often numerous and small, with a high mortality rate.12

In contrast, some fish, including certain sharks, rays, and a few bony fish, have internal fertilization. Females of these species may lay fertilized eggs or give birth to live young, which can be nourished by egg yolk or directly by the mother.2

Reproductive behaviors vary widely, with some fish exhibiting elaborate courtship rituals, nest building, or parental care. Others undertake long migrations to specific spawning grounds. Hermaphroditism, where an individual can produce both sperm and eggs, also occurs in some fish species.123

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