seawater: References & Edit History
More Articles On This Topic
- air-sea interface
- aquariumMaintenance problems
- marine ecosystemPhysical and chemical properties of seawater
- Caspian SeaHydrology
- petroleumNonhydrocarbon content
- chemical elementThe hydrosphere
- estuary
- sedimentary rockEvaporites
- hydrosphereRainwater
- hydrosphereRiver and ocean waters
- liquidPhysical properties of liquids
- mineral depositSeawater or lake water
- miningSeawater
- Harbors and sea worksDurability
- fish processingChilling
- materials scienceRadioactive waste
- mineral depositVolcanogenic massive sulfides
- Why Is the Ocean Salty?
- Why Is There Fresh and Salt Water on Earth?
- hydrologic sciencesStudy of the oceans and seas
- chemical industryBromine
- undersea explorationWater sampling for temperature and salinity
- hydrosphereThe modern hydrosphere
- magnesiumOccurrence, properties, and uses
- magnesium processingOres and raw materials
- saltSeawater
- saltManufacture from seawater and brines
Additional Reading
Thorough descriptions of each of the many subdisciplines in chemical oceanography can be found in Frank J. Millero, Chemical Oceanography, 3rd ed. (2006). John Wright and Angela Colling (eds.), Seawater: Its Composition, Properties, and Behaviour, 2nd ed. (1995, reprinted 2007), provides a concise and readable description of seawater.
Article Contributors
Primary Contributors
- Alyn C. Duxbury
-
Robert Howard Byrne
Distinguished Research Professor of Marine Science, University of South Florida at St. Petersburg.
- Fred T. Mackenzie
-
The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica
Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree. They write new content and verify and edit content received from contributors.
Other Encyclopedia Britannica Contributors
Article History
| Type | Description | Contributor | Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| Invalidated site: NOAA National Weather Service - Sea Water. | Oct 08, 2026 | ||
| Add new Web site: IOPscience - Journal of Physics: Conference Series - Seawater Density Measurement Technology Based on Oblique Incidence Reflectivity Difference (PDF). | Feb 06, 2026 | ||
| Add new Web site: National Center for Biotechnology Information - PubMed Central - Physiological Benefits and Performance of Sea Water Ingestion for Athletes in Endurance Events: A Systematic Review. | Dec 22, 2025 | ||
| Add new Web site: U.S. Naval Institute - The Weight of Sea Water and Its Variation with Salinity and Temperature. | May 05, 2025 | ||
| Add new Web site: The Open University - OpenLearn - Seawater. | Dec 30, 2024 | ||
| Add new Web site: PNAS - Global variability in seawater Mg:Ca and Sr:Ca ratios in the modern ocean. | Nov 08, 2024 | ||
| Add new Web site: Nature - npj Clean Water - Seawater desalination concentrate�a new frontier for sustainable mining of valuable minerals. | Jul 10, 2024 | ||
| Add new Web site: University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa Library - The Salty Sea. | Dec 01, 2023 | ||
| Add new Web site: Geosciences LibreTexts - Properties of Seawater. | Oct 05, 2023 | ||
| Add new Web site: NOAA National Weather Service - Sea Water. | May 30, 2023 | ||
| Added a cross-reference to salinity. | Apr 13, 2023 | ||
| Add new Web site: Massachusetts Institute of Technology - Surface Tension of Seawater. | Feb 27, 2023 | ||
| Article revised and updated. | Apr 28, 2022 | ||
| Added information on noise pollution and ocean warming. | Nov 05, 2020 | ||
| Media added. | Nov 05, 2020 | ||
| Removed table. | Aug 14, 2018 | ||
| Added video. | Jan 16, 2015 | ||
| Deleted map. | Mar 02, 2012 | ||
| Salinity measures and other metrics updated in the section, Chemical and physical properties of seawater. | Oct 27, 2011 | ||
| Article thoroughly revised. | Sep 27, 2011 | ||
| New bibliography added. | Sep 14, 2011 | ||
| Added new Web site: Hyperphysics - Seawater. | Sep 29, 2008 | ||
| Article revised and updated. | Apr 24, 2008 | ||
| Article added to new online database. | Jul 20, 1998 |
View Changes:
Article History
Revised:
By: