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Scientific modeling
Introduction References & Edit History Related Topics
Images
A conceptual diagram shows a 3D grid box representing the atmosphere and Earth's surface, illustrating climate modeling components such as solar radiation, emitted and reflected radiation, momentum from winds and currents, heat transfer, water vapor, and features like mountains, land, ocean, and weather systems, all linked to a globe below. Diagram of the Bohr atomic model showing an electron moving in circular orbits with quantized energy levels around a central nucleus, alongside an energy level diagram illustrating electron transitions. Computer-generated model of anthrax toxin showing seven differently colored protein units, with a small gold molecule representing a drug bound to the protein structure. Pacific Ocean map showing 2011 Japan tsunami wave heights, with red and purple areas indicating highest waves spreading from Japan across the ocean toward the Americas, labeled with NOAA logo.

Scientific modeling: References & Edit History

Article Contributors

Primary Contributors

  • Kara Rogers
    Kara Rogers is the senior editor of biomedical sciences at Encyclopædia Britannica, where she oversees a range of content from medicine and genetics to microorganisms. She joined Britannica in 2006 and has been a member of the National Association of Science Writers since 2009.

Other Encyclopedia Britannica Contributors

Article History

Type Description Contributor Date
Article title updated for style. Nov 12, 2026
Deleted Web site: Carnegie Mellon University - Department of Statistics and Data Science - Simulation (PDF). Dec 26, 2024
Add new Web site: Carnegie Mellon University - Department of Statistics and Data Science - Simulation (PDF). Dec 26, 2024
Add new Web site: Buzzle.com - Science Fair Projects. May 21, 2012
Add new Web site: Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - Models in Science. May 21, 2012
New article added. Apr 11, 2011
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