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retina
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Papilledema Close-up retinal image showing advanced macular degeneration, with yellowish deposits, darkened central area, and visible blood vessels. Cross-sectional medical illustration of an eye showing retinal detachment, with labeled parts including the vitreous body, retina, choroid, sclera, retinal break, and area of detached retina. Figure 2: Influence of the environment on the optical arrangements of animal eyes (see text). Diagram of a horizontal section of the human eye showing labeled parts including the cornea, iris, lens, retina, sclera, optic nerve, and blood vessels, with internal structures and muscles visible. Figure 1: General structure of the mammalian eye. Diagram showing the layered structure of the human retina, with labeled optic nerve fibers, ganglion cells, bipolar neurons, rod cells, cone cells, and pigmented epithelium at the base. Diagram showing two human eyes with blue arrows tracing light from three labeled points (C, D, E) to the retina, illustrating how moving the eye changes which objects are projected onto the retina.
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Superficial arteries and veins of face and scalp, cardiovascular system, human anatomy, (Netter replacement project - SSC)
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retina: References & Edit History

Article Contributors

Primary Contributors

  • The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica
    Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree. They write new content and verify and edit content received from contributors.

Other Encyclopedia Britannica Contributors

Article History

Type Description Contributor Date
Modified link of Web site: National Center for Biotechnology Information - Neuroanatomy, Retina. Nov 03, 2026
Add new Web site: OpenStax - Introduction to Behavioral Neuroscience - The Retina. Dec 26, 2025
Add new Web site: PNAS - Retina is structured to process an excess of darkness in natural scenes. Aug 12, 2025
Add new Web site: Al-Mustaqbal University - The Retina (PDF). Jan 21, 2025
Add new Web site: Cell Press - Current Biology - The retina. Dec 02, 2024
Add new Web site: UEN Digital Press with Pressbooks - Introduction to Neuroscience - The Eye and Retina. Jul 19, 2024
Add new Web site: Teach Me Physiology - The Retina. Sep 26, 2023
Add new Web site: Verywell Health - The Anatomy of the Retina. Aug 01, 2023
Add new Web site: Healthline - Retina. Jun 07, 2023
Links added. Apr 19, 2023
Add new Web site: Medicine LibreTexts - Vision- The Retina. Mar 06, 2023
Add new Web site: WebMD - Retina: What to Know. Jan 23, 2023
Add new Web site: Cleveland Clinic - Retina. Dec 15, 2022
Corrected display issue. Mar 01, 2019
Add new Web site: Springfield Technical Community College - Retina. Jul 30, 2012
Added new Web site: How Stuff Works - Healthguide - Retina. Oct 01, 2008
Article revised and updated. Aug 07, 2007
Added new Web site: MedicineNet.com - Retina. Apr 27, 2007
Added new Web site: HyperPhysics - The Retina. Apr 27, 2007
Added new Web site: Neuroscience for Kids - The Retina. Apr 27, 2007
Added new Web site: The Washington University School of Medicine - Eye and Retina. Apr 27, 2007
Added new Web site: Webvision - Simple Anatomy of the Retina. Apr 27, 2007
Article added to new online database. Jul 20, 1998
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