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Refractory inclusions are components found in meteorites, specifically in chondrites, that are rich in elements with high melting points, such as calcium and aluminum. These are often referred to as calcium-aluminum-rich inclusions (CAIs). They are among the earliest solids to form in the solar nebula, approximately 4.567 billion years ago.12

These inclusions provide crucial insights into the conditions of the early solar system. The presence of short-lived radionuclides within them suggests rapid formation events, possibly triggered by stellar winds from dying stars. Understanding refractory inclusions helps scientists piece together the processes involved in the birth and evolution of our solar system.2

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