promotion

The initial chemical reaction that produces a mutation does not in itself suffice to initiate the carcinogenic process in a cell. For the change to be effective, it must become permanent. Fixation of the mutation occurs through cell proliferation before the cell has time…

…two clear steps: initiation and promotion. Initiation is characterized by permanent heritable damage to a cell’s DNA. A chemical capable of initiating cancer—a tumor initiator—sows the seeds of cancer but cannot elicit a tumor on its own. For tumor progression to occur, initiation must be followed by exposure to chemicals…

…two main steps: initiation and promotion. Initiation is the creation by genotoxic carcinogens of a cell with abnormal DNA. After initiation, promoters stimulate the replication of these neoplastic cells and facilitate the development of the tumor. Initiators include genotoxic chemicals. Although promoters do not produce tumors directly, they are still…