practice

…claim that learning depends on practice. (An older generation of experimental psychologists would have claimed that it depended on “reinforced” practice.) This definition can be misleading, however, if it causes one to attribute to learning all behavioral changes that follow what appears to be practice. In other words, it is…

…a problem is solved insightfully, practice with similar tasks tends to improve performance. Some (perhaps most) learning theorists have concluded that repetition gradually enhances some underlying process in learning.

Repeated attention, or practice, results in a cumulative effect on memory and enables activities such as a skillful performance on a musical instrument, the recitation of a poem, and reading and understanding words on a page.

…place during the learning and practicing of a skill such as playing a musical instrument. Specifically, the region grows as the individual gains implicit familiarity with the skill and then shrinks to baseline once the learning becomes explicit. (Implicit learning is the passive acquisition of knowledge through exposure to information,…

The most direct examination of perceptual learning is provided by investigating the effects of practice. In so-called detection tasks the observer is required to detect the presence or absence of a selected stimulus. For example, effects of practice on visual acuity were studied by…

…amount or duration of rewarded practice. The effects of associative and motivational factors are believed to enhance learning, while inhibitory and oscillation (variability) factors are thought to detract from the learning of psychomotor skills.

These experiments indicate that practice makes perfect only if reinforced; the result of unreinforced practice is extinction of the correct response and a proliferation of errors. Studies employing a complex mirror-tracking apparatus have clarified the role of reinforcing feedback. Targeting performance was facilitated by presenting distinctive supplementary visual feedback…

…a task, B, in 10 practice sessions. Another group of equivalent students, who previously had learned another task, A, is found to reach the same level of performance on task B in only five practice sessions. Since the average number of practice sessions required to learn B was reduced from…