portal hypertension

Portal hypertension is an elevated pressure within the portal vein and its tributaries. This condition arises from blockages to blood flow into the liver, typically caused by the scarring associated with cirrhosis. The increased pressure leads to the swelling of veins, known as varices, which can rupture and cause severe bleeding, most commonly in the esophagus, stomach, and anal region. Bleeding from esophageal varices is particularly dangerous, potentially leading to hepatic encephalopathy or coma. Treatment options include endoscopic banding or sclerosing agents to stop bleeding, and in persistent cases, surgical shunts to reroute blood flow. Ascites, the accumulation of fluid in the abdominal cavity, is another complication related to portal hypertension, reduced albumin levels, and sodium retention by the kidneys.12