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Diagram of a DNA double helix segment showing two strands with labeled components: adenine (A), thymine (T), cytosine (C), guanine (G), phosphate groups (P), and deoxyribose sugars (S). The bases pair across the strands, and the 3' and 5' ends are indicated at each strand's termini. Diagram showing the transfer of phosphate groups in cellular metabolism, with high-energy donors like phosphoenolpyruvate, 1,3-diphosphoglycerate, and phosphocreatine passing phosphate to ADP to form ATP, which then donates phosphate to low-energy acceptors such as glucose and glycerol. Vertical axis represents phosphate-group potential. Diagram showing how enzymes catalyze reactions: enzymes bind to substrates, form intermediate complexes, and release products. The lower section details specific mechanisms for acetylcholinesterase, sucrose phosphorylase, and maltose phosphorylase, with labeled steps and components.
A new method to keep drinking water safe from lead
The importance of nitrogen and phosphorus in ecosystems
How does ATP provide energy to cells?
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A new method to keep drinking water safe from lead
Developing solutions to keep lead pipes safe.
Video: © American Chemical Society (A Britannica Publishing Partner)
The importance of nitrogen and phosphorus in ecosystems
An overview of the nitrogen and phosphorus cycles in the biosphere.
Video: Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.
How does ATP provide energy to cells?
Adenosine triphosphate, or ATP, is the primary carrier of energy in cells. The water-mediated...
Video: Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.

Images

The arrangement of nucleotide bases within DNA
DNA structure, showing the nucleotide bases cytosine (C), thymine (T), adenine (A),...
Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.
ATP and energy exchange
The transfer of phosphate groups from high-energy donors to low-energy acceptors...
Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.
The actions of enzymes
Mechanisms of enzymatic action.
Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.
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