persistent seed bank

A persistent seed bank is a natural storage of seeds within an ecosystem, such as in leaf litter, on the soil surface, or within the soil itself. This reserve is crucial for the survival and reproduction of plant species, ensuring the long-term stability of ecosystems by providing a source for subsequent generations of plants.1

The longevity of seeds in a persistent seed bank is a key characteristic. Unlike transient seed banks where seeds have short or no dormancy and germinate quickly, persistent seed banks contain seeds that can remain dormant for over a year. This dormancy is influenced by various factors, including embryo maturity, chemical inhibitors, and physical constraints. Environmental cues like light, temperature, and even disturbances such as fire can break dormancy and trigger germination.12

Some seeds can remain viable for exceptionally long periods. For instance, seeds of the Indian lotus have the longest known retention of viability, while others, like those of certain willow species, lose their ability to germinate within a week of maturity. This variation in seed longevity is vital for plant survival, especially in environments prone to stresses like drought, wildfire, or cold.231