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A paradigm, in the context of scientific research, refers to a conceptual world-view or a theoretical framework that guides scientific inquiry. This framework includes established theories, classic experiments, and accepted methods within a particular scientific discipline. Scientists typically work within a prevailing paradigm, aiming to refine its theories and explain new data.12

However, when persistent theoretical problems or experimental anomalies arise that the current paradigm cannot adequately address, a crisis can occur. This situation may lead to a "paradigm shift," which is a significant change where the old way of thinking is replaced by a new and different one. This concept was popularized by Thomas S. Kuhn in his influential book, The Structure of Scientific Revolutions.1342

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