nonionizing radiation injury

Nonionizing radiation refers to electromagnetic radiation that does not have enough energy to remove an electron from an atom or molecule. This is in contrast to ionizing radiation, which has sufficient energy to do so and can cause significant tissue damage.1

Nonionizing radiation includes radio frequencies, infrared, visible light, and ultraviolet ranges. The primary effect of nonionizing radiation, such as radio waves and infrared rays, is heating of tissues. While this heating effect can be beneficial in medical treatments like diathermy, excessive exposure can cause irreversible damage. For instance, microwave radiation can lead to cataracts in the eyes and superficial burns to the skin. Ultraviolet radiation can cause sunburn, skin cancer, and inflammation of the eyes.23

Unlike ionizing radiation, which can cause widespread cellular damage and long-term effects like cancer, the dangers of nonionizing radiation are generally localized and related to thermal effects. However, some studies have suggested potential nonthermal effects on the nervous system from microwave exposure.43