noncommunicable disease

Noncommunicable diseases (NCDs) are long-lasting and progress slowly, often referred to as chronic diseases. They can stem from environmental exposures or genetic variations. The World Health Organization (WHO) identifies four major types: cancer, cardiovascular disease (like heart attack and stroke), chronic respiratory disease (such as asthma), and diabetes mellitus. These four groups account for a significant majority of NCD deaths.12

NCDs arising from inherited genetic variations can leave individuals needing treatment from birth or later in life. Examples include cystic fibrosis and Down syndrome. Metabolic diseases, a subset of NCDs, offer insight into how these conditions affect the body. For instance, phenylketonuria (PKU) results from a lack of an enzyme needed to metabolize phenylalanine, potentially leading to intellectual disability if untreated. Other metabolic NCDs like gout and type 2 diabetes appear later in life.12

Environmental factors can also trigger NCDs. Deficiencies in dietary iodine can cause goitre, while excessive fluoride intake can lead to mottled tooth enamel. Toxic substances in the environment, often anthropogenic, can cause occupational diseases like asbestosis or lead poisoning. These chronic conditions require prolonged exposure and develop slowly.1