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A "memory trace," also known as an engram, is a transient or long-term change in the brain that represents something encoded as a memory. This trace is thought to exist in the form of neural networks, where engram cells link together and form new neural connections, aided by processes like synaptic plasticity. These newly formed memories are retrieved through the reactivation of these neural connections. The brain's capacity to change and reorganize these connections in response to new information, stimulation, or damage is called neuroplasticity. This process is fundamental to learning and memory.123

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