neoformation

Neoformation in mineralogy refers to the creation of new minerals through natural processes, distinct from synthetic equivalents. These processes occur under varying temperatures and pressures within Earth's geologic environments.1

There are four primary categories of mineral formation:
* Igneous: Minerals crystallize from a melt, such as magma or lava.12
* Sedimentary: Minerals form from the accumulation of weathered or eroded rock particles.1
* Metamorphic: New minerals develop from existing rocks due to changes in temperature or pressure.1
* Hydrothermal: Minerals precipitate from hot solutions that flow through rock fractures.1

Weathering and hydrothermal actions also induce neoformation, particularly in the creation of clay minerals. Minerals are defined as naturally occurring, homogeneous solids with a definite chemical composition and ordered internal structure.34