megaloblastic anemia

Megaloblastic anemia is a blood disorder characterized by the production of abnormally large red blood cells, called megaloblasts, in the bone marrow. This occurs due to a deficiency in vitamin B₁₂ or folic acid. These vitamins are crucial for DNA synthesis and proper cell maturation. When deficient, bone marrow cells proliferate but fail to mature correctly, leading to ineffective red blood cell production. The mature red blood cells that do form are larger than normal, resulting in a macrocytic anemia. This condition also involves accelerated destruction of red blood cells, contributing to hemolytic anemia features. Common causes of vitamin B₁₂ deficiency include pernicious anemia, vegan diets, and stomach removal. Folic acid deficiency often stems from poor diet or malabsorption, with increased demand during pregnancy.1