medical research

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…the tens of millions in biomedical-research laboratories—spawned thousands of animal rights groups. Some consisted of a mere handful of people interested in local, and more traditional, animal-protection issues, such as animal shelters that care for stray dogs and cats. Others became large national and international organizations, such as PETA (People…

Developmental science has had a major influence on the philosophy and practices of early childhood intervention. A fundamental assumption in child development literature is that the child is seen as active in constructing his or her world and that development occurs through the…

GMOs have emerged as one of the mainstays of biomedical research since the 1980s. For example, GM animal models of human genetic diseases enabled researchers to test novel therapies and to explore the roles of candidate risk factors and modifiers of disease…

…the basic sciences related to medicine or in the clinical field. Advances in the use of radiation, nuclear energy, and space research have played an important part in this progress. Some laypersons often think of research as taking place only in sophisticated laboratories or highly specialized institutions where work is…

The completion of the Human Genome Project in 2003 raised the possibility that scientists would be able to use knowledge of a person’s complete genetic makeup to help personalize his or her medical care in ways that would improve health and prolong life.…

…the largest single supporter of biomedical research in the country and also provides training for health researchers and disseminates medical information.

…take their examinations before a medical licensing board composed of both doctors of medicine and doctors of osteopathy. In other countries, regulation of the practice of osteopathy varies greatly.

Pharmaceuticals are produced as a result of activities carried out by a complex array of public and private organizations that are engaged in the development and manufacture of drugs. As part of this process, scientists at many publicly funded institutions carry out…

Pharmaceutical research, in schools of pharmacy and in the laboratories of the pharmaceutical manufacturing houses, embraces the organic chemical synthesis of new chemical agents for use as drugs and is also concerned with the isolation and purification of plant constituents that might be useful…

Biomedical advances are also necessary to develop methods for the early detection and mitigation of radiation damage. Nevertheless, the effects of radiation may remain a major obstacle to long human voyages in space.

For many decades it was assumed that once spinal cord trauma had occurred, damage to the central nervous system (CNS) was permanent and repair impossible. At the beginning of the 21st century, that dogma ceased to exist in the minds of scientists, clinicians, and…

Clinically effective treatments than can directly repair the damaged brain are lacking. Basic research in that area focuses either on developing neuroprotective drugs that can prevent swelling, necrosis, and apoptosis or on neuroplasticity-enhancing agents or physiological techniques that encourage intact nerve cells to grow…

medical research project that earned notoriety for its unethical experimentation on African American patients in the rural South.

…animals in many aspects of medical and biological research. For example, the readiness of many fishes to acclimate to captivity has allowed biologists to study behaviour, physiology, and even ecology under relatively natural conditions. Fishes have been especially important in the study of animal behaviour, where research on fishes has…