martensitic transformation

The martensitic transformation is a phase change that occurs primarily in iron-based alloys, such as steel, when they are rapidly cooled from a high temperature. This rapid cooling, known as quenching, prevents the normal, slower transformation of the crystal structure. Instead, the metal transforms into a new, harder, and more brittle microstructure called martensite.123

This process is a key part of heat-treating metals to achieve desired properties. While martensite is very hard, it is also brittle. Therefore, a subsequent process called tempering is often used to reduce brittleness and increase toughness, creating a strong and durable material.12