lung disease

Lung disease, also known as respiratory disease, affects the lungs and airways. Common symptoms include cough, often producing sputum, and shortness of breath (dyspnea). Chest pain can also occur, particularly with inflammation of the pleura.1

Lung diseases can be categorized based on the affected part of the respiratory system. This includes diseases of the upper airways, trachea, bronchi, and the alveoli (air sacs) where gas exchange occurs. Conditions like pneumonia and pulmonary embolism primarily affect the alveoli and surrounding capillaries.2

A major category is chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), which includes chronic bronchitis and emphysema. COPD is characterized by irreversible airflow obstruction and is most common in smokers. Asthma is another significant condition, involving airway narrowing due to muscle spasms, mucus production, and inflammation, often triggered by allergens or irritants. Lung cancer, a disease of uncontrolled cell growth in the lungs, is strongly linked to smoking and is a leading cause of cancer death worldwide.345

Diagnosis involves physical examination, listening to breath sounds, and imaging techniques like X-rays and CT scans. Treatments vary depending on the specific disease and may include medication, oxygen therapy, or surgery. Prevention of lung cancer involves avoiding smoking and exposure to carcinogens like asbestos and radon gas.678