Ionosphere and magnetosphere: References & Edit History
Additional Reading
Earth’s ionosphere and magnetosphere are considered in John Keith Hargreaves, The Solar-Terrestrial Environment: An Introduction to Geospace: The Science of the Terrestrial Upper Atmosphere, Ionosphere, and Magnetosphere (1992); Gregory L. Vogt (ed.), Earth’s Outer Atmosphere: Bordering Space (2007); and Frederick K. Lutgens and Edward J. Tarbuck (eds.), The Atmosphere: An Introduction to Meteorology, 11th ed. (2010).
Other treatments include Michael C. Kelley, The Earth’s Ionosphere: Plasma Physics and Electrodynamics, 2nd ed. (2009); Barbara J. Finlayson-Pitts and James N. Pitts, Jr., Chemistry of the Upper and Lower Atmosphere: Theory, Experiments, and Applications (2000); Andrew F. Nagy et al. (eds.), Comparative Aeronomy (2008); Siegfried Bauer and H.J. Lammer, Planetary Aeronomy: Atmosphere Environments in Planetary Systems (2010); and Mangalathayil Ali Abdu, Dora Pancheva, and Archana Bhattacharyya (eds.), Aeronomy of the Earth’s Atmosphere and Ionosphere (2011).
A classic treatment of the aurora and airglow is presented by Joseph W. Chamberlain, Physics of the Aurora and Airglow (1961). A specialized account of magnetospheric processes may be found in Wilmot N. Hess, The Radiation Belt and Magnetosphere (1968).
Article Contributors
Primary Contributors
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Michael B. McElroy
Gilbert Butler Professor of Environmental Studies, Harvard University.
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The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica
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Article History
| Type | Description | Contributor | Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| Article title updated for style. | Nov 10, 2026 | ||
| Bibliography thoroughly revised. | Aug 08, 2012 | ||
| Diagrams depicting the layers of Earth's atmosphere and Earth's ionosphere added. | Apr 26, 2012 | ||
| Text clarifying the region of the magnetosphere where auroras occur added. | Apr 26, 2012 | ||
| Add new Web site: MIT Haystack Observatory - Magnetosphere-Ionosphere Coupling. | Aug 08, 2011 | ||
| Revised information as a result of NASA discoveries. | Feb 07, 2008 | ||
| Article revised and updated. | Oct 25, 2007 | ||
| Article added to new online database. | Aug 27, 1999 |