hospital: References & Edit History
More Articles On This Topic
- accidentAccidents in the hospital
- air-cushion machineIndustrial applications
- architectureArchitecture of welfare and education
- automationService industries
- ChristianityCare for the sick
- clinicHospital clinics
- dentistryHospital dental practice
- medical educationHistory of medical education
- medicineOther developing countries
- National Health Service
- nursingHospital-based nursing practice
- nursingHistory of nursing
- osteopathy
Additional Reading
For historical discussions of hospitals, see Timothy S. Miller, The Birth of the Hospital in the Byzantine Empire (1985); Guenter B. Risse, Hospital Life in Enlightenment Scotland: Care and Teaching at the Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh (1986); and Richard H. Thurm, For the Relief of the Sick and Disabled: The U.S. Public Health Service Hospital in Boston, 1799β1969 (1972). Organization and administration of modern hospitals are discussed in I. Donald Snook, Jr., Hospitals: What They Are and How They Work (1981); Jonathon S. Rakich and Kurt Darr (eds.), Hospital Organization and Management, 3rd ed. (1983); Thomas Choi, Robert F. Allison, and Fred Munson, Governing University Hospitals in a Changing Environment (1986); Howard J. Berman, Lewis E. Weeks, and Steven F. Kukla, The Financial Management of Hospitals, 6th ed. (1986); Bradford H. Gray (ed.), The New Health Care for Profit: Doctors and Hospitals in a Competitive Environment (1983); and Everett A. Johnson and Richard L. Johnson, Hospitals Under Fire: Strategies for Survival (1986).
For developments in the field of hospitals, see the periodical Hospitals (semimonthly), published by the American Hospital Association. Social and psychological aspects of hospital life are the subject of Geoffrey C. Robinson and Heather F. Clarke, The Hospital Care of Children: A Review of Contemporary Issues (1980); and Judith Wilson Ross, Handbook for Hospital Ethics Committees (1986). Hospital building is analyzed in W. Paul James and William Tatton-Brown, Hospitals: Design and Development (1986); Owen B. Hardy and Lawrence P. Lammers, Hospitals, the Planning and Design Process, 2nd ed. (1986); and I. Donald Snook, Jr., and Kathryn M. Ruck (eds.), Using Hospital Space Profitably (1987).
Article Contributors
Primary Contributors
-
Pamela C. Fralick
President and CEO, Canadian Healthcare Association.
- W. Douglas Piercey
- Harold Scarborough
Other Encyclopedia Britannica Contributors
Article History
| Type | Description | Contributor | Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| Modified link of Web site: National Center for Biotechnology Information - Hospitals and Acute Care Facilities. | Aug 20, 2026 | ||
| Add new Web site: National Center for Biotechnology Information - Hospitals and Acute Care Facilities. | Apr 18, 2026 | ||
| Article revised and updated. | Oct 03, 2025 | ||
| Add new Web site: Academia - Ancient History of Hospitals. | Aug 08, 2023 | ||
| Add new Web site: University of Pennsylvania - School of Nursing - History of Hospitals. | Jan 06, 2023 | ||
| Add new Web site: Encyclopedia of Chicago - Hospital. | Sep 21, 2022 | ||
| Deleted video. | Apr 16, 2020 | ||
| Add new Web site: Science Museum - Brought To Life - Hospitals. | Feb 22, 2019 | ||
| Added a photo of monitor showing information on the status of multiple patients in an intensive care unit. | Oct 29, 2015 | ||
| Added video. | Feb 05, 2015 | ||
| Add new Web site: Fact Monster - Science - Hospital. | Feb 22, 2012 | ||
| Add new Web site: MedicineNet.com - Hospital. | Feb 21, 2012 | ||
| Add new Web site: WebMd - Choosing a Hospital. | Feb 21, 2012 | ||
| Article thoroughly revised. | Jul 22, 2011 | ||
| Changed "The Netherlands" to "the Netherlands." | Sep 15, 2010 | ||
| Media added. | Jun 30, 2009 | ||
| Media added. | Aug 08, 2008 | ||
| Article revised. | Jun 14, 2002 | ||
| Article added to new online database. | Jul 26, 1999 |